Published ahead of print on February 15, 2007, doi:10.1164/rccm.200606-769OC
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., Volume 175, Number 10, May 2007, 986-990
A more recent version of this article appeared on May 15, 2007
Submitted on June 9, 2006
Accepted on February 15, 2007
Metabolomics Applied to Exhaled Breath Condensate in Childhood Asthma
Silvia Carraro1, Serge Rezzi2, Fabiano Reniero2, Karoly Heberger2, Giuseppe Giordano1, Stefania Zanconato1, Claude Guillou2, and Eugenio Baraldi1*
1 Department of Pediatrics, University of Padova, Padova, PD, Italy,
2 European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Physical and Chemical Exposure Unit, Ispra, VA, Italy
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: baraldi{at}pediatria.unipd.it.
Rationale and Objectives: Metabolomic analysis provides biochemical profiles of low molecular weight endogenous metabolites in biological fluids. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) based metabolomic analysis applied to exhaled breath condensate. Information coming from NMR spectra was analyzed with a view to establish the NMR variables that best discriminate between asthmatic and healthy children.
Methods: 25 children with asthma (17 with persistent asthma treated with inhaled corticosteroids, 8 with intermittent asthma inhaled corticosteroid naive, age 7-15 years) and 11 healthy age-matched controls were enrolled. Every child performed exhaled nitric oxide measurement, spirometry and condensate collection. Condensate samples were analysed by means of NMR spectroscopy (Bruker, BioSpin, 600 MHz 3 mm cryogenic probe at 300 k). Linear and partial least squares discriminant analysis were applied to data obtained from the NMR spectra.
Results: The combination of exhaled nitric oxide and FEV1 discriminates asthmatic and healthy children with a success rate of ~81%, while selected signals from NMR spectra offer a slightly better discrimination (~86%). The selected NMR variables derive from the region of 3.2 to 3.4 ppm, indicative of oxidized compounds and from the region of 1.7 to 2.2 ppm, indicative of acetylated compounds.
Conclusion: Metabolomics can be applied to exhaled breath condensate leading to the characterization of airway biochemical fingerprints. The presence of acetylated compounds suggests new metabolic pathways that may have a role in asthma pathophysiology.
Key words: asthma, metabolomics, exhaled breath condensate, children, nuclear magnetic resonance
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