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Published ahead of print on May 18, 2006, doi:10.1164/rccm.200503-509OC

Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., Volume 174, Number 4, August 2006, 428-436

A more recent version of this article appeared on August 15, 2006
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Submitted on March 31, 2005
Accepted on May 17, 2006

Environmental Tobacco Smoke Suppresses NF-{kappa}B Signaling to Increase Apoptosis in Infant Monkey Lungs

Cai-Yun Zhong1, Ya Mei Zhou1, Jesse P Joad2, and Kent E Pinkerton1*

1 Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA, USA, 2 Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, CA, USA

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: kepinkerton{at}ucdavis.edu.

Rationale: Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in early life has adverse effects on lung development. Apoptosis plays an essential role in development, however, the molecular mechanisms of pulmonary apoptosis induced by environmental tobacco smoke is unknown. Objectives: To investigate the mechanistic role of NF-{kappa}B, a critical cell survival pathway, in the developing lungs exposed to environmental tobacco smoke. Methods: Timed-pregnant rhesus monkeys and their offspring were exposed to filtered air or to aged and diluted sidestream cigarette smoke as a surrogate to environmental tobacco smoke (a total suspended particulate concentration of 0.99 mg/m3 for 6 hrs/day, 5 days/week) from 45-50 days gestational age to 72-77 days postnatal age (n=4/group). Measurements and Main Results: NF-{kappa}B DNA binding activity, regulated anti-apoptotic genes and apoptosis were measured in lung tissues. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke significantly suppressed NF-{kappa}B activation pathway and activity. Environmental tobacco smoke further down- regulated NF-{kappa}B-dependent anti-apoptotic genes and induced activation of caspases, cleavage of cellular death substrates (poly(ADP)-ribose polymerase and caspase-activated DNase) and an increase in the rate of apoptosis in the lung parenchyma. No significant alterations were observed for activator protein 1, p53 or Akt activity. Conclusions: Our results indicate that exposure to low levels of environmental tobacco smoke during a critical window of maturation in the neonatal non-human primate may compromise lung development with potential implications for future lung growth and function. These findings support our hypothesis that NF-{kappa}B plays a key role in the regulation of the apoptotic process.
Key words: environmental tobacco smoke, lung development, NF-kappaB, apoptosis, infant monkeys




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