Published ahead of print on April 1, 2005, doi:10.1164/rccm.200409-1158OC
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., Volume 172, Number 1, July 2005, 61-66
A more recent version of this article appeared on July 1, 2005
Submitted on September 2, 2004
Accepted on March 28, 2005
The Adult Incidence of Asthma and Respiratory Symptoms by Passive Smoking in Utero or Childhood
Trude Duelien Skorge1*, Tomas M.L. Eagan2, Geir Egil Eide3, Amund Gulsvik1, and Per S Bakke1
1 Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Thoracic Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway,
2 Department of Thoracic Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway,
3 Centre for Clinical Research, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care, University of Bergen, Section for Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Bergen, Norway
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: tduelien{at}online.no.
Rationale: The effects of pre- or postnatal passive smoking on the adult incidence of asthma have not been reported previously.
Methods: Between 1985 and 1996/97, we conducted an 11-years community cohort study on the incidence of asthma and respiratory symptoms in Western Norway. The cohort included 3786 subjects aged 15-70 years, of which 2819 were responders at both baseline and follow-up. The incidence of asthma and five respiratory symptoms by self-reported exposure to maternal smoking in utero and childhood, as well as smoking by other household members in childhood, were examined.
Measurements and Main Results: After adjustment for sex, age, education, hay-fever, personal smoking, and occupational exposure, maternal smoking was associated (odds ratio, OR, with 95% confidence interval, CI) with physician diagnosed asthma (3.0 ,1.6, 5.6), phlegm (1.7, 1.1, 2.6), , chronic cough (1.9, 1.2, 3.0), dyspnea grade 2 (1.9, 1.2, 3.0), attacks of dyspnea (2.0, 1.3, 3.0), and wheezing (1.4, 0.9, 2.2). The adjusted attributable fractions (95% CI) of the adult incidence of asthma were 17.3% (5.2, 27.9) due to maternal smoking and 9.3% (-23.2, 33.2) due to smoking by other household members.
Conclusions: Exposure to pre- and postnatal smoking carries a substantial risk for developing adult asthma and respiratory symptoms.
Key words: Asthma, respiratory symptoms, passive smoking, cohort study
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