Published ahead of print on July 8, 2004, doi:10.1164/rccm.200404-474OC
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., Volume 170, Number 7, October 2004, 799-803
A more recent version of this article appeared on October 1, 2004
Submitted on April 8, 2004
Accepted on July 5, 2004
The Influence of Active and Passive Smoking on Habitual Snoring
Karl A Franklin1*, Thorarinn Gislason2, Ernst Omenaas3, Rain Jogi4, Erik Juel Jensen5, Eva Lindberg6, Maria Gunnbjornsdottir6, Lennarth Nystrom1, Birger N Laerum3, Eythor Bjornsson2, Kjell Toren7, and Christer Janson6
1 Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital, Umea, Sweden,
2 Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland,
3 Department of Thoracic Medicine, Center for Clinical Research, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway,
4 Lung Clinic, Foundation Tartu University Clinics, Tartu, Estonia,
5 Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark,
6 Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden,
7 Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Goteborg, Sweden
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: karl.franklin{at}lung.umu.se.
The impact of active smoking, passive smoking and obesity on habitual snoring in the population is mainly unknown. We aimed to study the relationship of habitual snoring with active and passive tobacco smoking in a population-based sample. A total of 15,555 (71%) of 21,802 randomly-selected men and women aged 25 to 54 years from Iceland, Estonia, Denmark, Norway and Sweden answered a postal questionnaire. Habitual snoring, defined as loud and disturbing snoring at least three nights a week was more prevalent among current smokers (24.0%, p<0.0001) and ex-smokers (20.3%, p<0.0001) than in never-smokers (13.7%). Snoring was also more prevalent in never-smokers exposed to passive smoking at home on a daily basis than in never-smokers without this exposure (19.8% vs. 13.3%, p<0.0001). The frequency of habitual snoring increased with the amount of tobacco smoked. Active and passive smoking were related to snoring, independent of obesity, gender, center and age. Ever smoking accounted for 17.1% of the attributable risk of habitual snoring, obesity (body mass index >30 kg/m2) for 4.3% and passive smoking for 2.2%. Smoking, both current and ex-smoking, is a major contributor to habitual snoring in the general population. Passive smoking is a previously unrecognized risk factor for snoring among adults.
Key words: snoring, tobacco, smoking, epidemiology, obesity
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