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Published ahead of print on June 7, 2004, doi:10.1164/rccm.200403-281OC

Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., Volume 170, Number 5, September 2004, 520-526

A more recent version of this article appeared on September 1, 2004
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Submitted on March 12, 2004
Accepted on May 31, 2004

Traffic-related Air Pollution Near Busy Roads: The East Bay Children's Respiratory Health Study

Janice J Kim1, Svetlana Smorodinsky2, Michael Lipsett2, Brett C Singer3, Alfred T Hodgson3, and Bart Ostro1*

1 Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, CA, USA, 2 Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, CA, USA; California Department of Health Services, Oakland, CA, USA, 3 Atmospheric Sciences Department and Indoor Environment Department, Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: Bostro{at}oehha.ca.gov.

Recent studies, primarily in Europe, have reported associations between respiratory symptoms and residential proximity to traffic; however, few have measured traffic pollutants or provided information about local air quality. We conducted a school-based cross-sectional study in the San Francisco Bay Area in 2001. Information on current bronchitis symptoms and asthma, home environment, and demographics were obtained by parental questionnaire (n=1,109). Concentrations of traffic pollutants (particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5), black carbon (BC), and nitrogen oxides (NOX and NO2)) were measured at ten school sites during several seasons. Although pollutant concentrations were relatively low, we observed differences in concentrations between schools nearby versus those more distant (or upwind) from major roads. Using a two-stage multiple logistic regression model, we found associations between respiratory symptoms and traffic-related pollutants. Among those living at their current residence for at least one year, the adjusted odds ratios (OR) for asthma in relation to an interquartile difference in NOX were OR = 1.07; (95% confidence interval, 1.00-1.14). Thus, we found spatial variability in traffic pollutants and associated differences in respiratory symptoms in a region with good air quality. Our findings support the hypothesis that traffic-related pollution is associated with respiratory symptoms in children.
Key words: Air Pollution, Vehicle Emissions, Asthma, Bronchitis, Epidemiology




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