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Published ahead of print on February 12, 2004, doi:10.1164/rccm.200310-1463OC

Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., Volume 169, Number 8, April 2004, 934-940

A more recent version of this article appeared on April 15, 2004
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Submitted on October 28, 2003
Accepted on February 10, 2004

Particulate Matter Exposure in Cars is Associated with Cardiovascular Effects in Healthy, Young Men

Michael Riediker1*, Wayne E Cascio2, Thomas R Griggs3, Margaret C Herbst2, Philip A Bromberg1, Lucas Neas4, Ronald W Williams5, and Robert B Devlin4

1 Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA, 2 Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA, 3 Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; North Carolina State Highway Patrol, Raleigh, NC, USA, 4 National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratories, U.S. EPA, ORD, RTP, NC, USA, 5 National Exposure Research Laboratories, U.S. EPA, ORD, RTP, NC, USA

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: Michael.Riediker{at}alumni.ethz.ch.

Exposure to fine airborne particulate matter (PM2.5) is associated with cardiovascular events and mortality in elderly and cardiac patients. Potential physiological effects of in-vehicle, roadside and ambient PM2.5 were investigated in young, healthy, non-smoking, male North Carolina Highway Patrol troopers. Nine troopers (age 23 to 30) were monitored on four successive days while working a 3 PM to midnight shift. Each patrol car was equipped with air quality monitors. Blood was drawn 14 hours after each shift; and ambulatory monitors recorded the electrocardiogram throughout the shift and until the next morning. Data were analyzed using mixed models. In-vehicle PM2.5 (average 24 µg/m3) was associated with decreased lymphocytes (-11% per 10 µg/m3) and increased red blood cell indices (+1% mean corpuscular volume), neutrophils (+6%), C-reactive protein (+32%), von Willebrand Factor (+12%), next morning heart beat cycle length (+6%), next morning heart rate variability parameters, and ectopic beats throughout the recording (+20%). Controlling for potential confounders had little impact on the effect estimates. The associations of these health endpoints with ambient and roadside PM2.5 were smaller and less significant. The observations in these healthy young men suggest that in-vehicle exposure to PM2.5 may cause pathophysiological changes that involve inflammation, coagulation and cardiac rhythm.
Key words: Ambulatory Electrocardiography, Complete Blood Cell Count, Vehicle Emissions




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