Published ahead of print on August 28, 2003, doi:10.1164/rccm.200304-562OC
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., Volume 168, Number 11, December 2003, 1391-1398
A more recent version of this article appeared on December 1, 2003
Submitted on April 23, 2003
Accepted on August 21, 2003
Stretch activates nitric oxide production in pulmonary vascular endothelial cells in situ
Wolfgang M Kuebler1, Ulrike Uhlig2, Torsten Goldmann2, Gregor Schael1, Alexander Kerem3, Kay Exner2, Christian Martin2, Ekkehard Vollmer2, and Stefan Uhlig2*
1 Institute of Physiology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany,
2 Division of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany,
3 Institute of Anesthesiology, Research Center Borstel, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Physiology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: suhlig{at}fz-borstel.de.
Whereas endothelial responses to shear stress have been studied extensively, those to circumferential vascular stretch are yet poorly defined. Circumferential stretch in pulmonary microvessels is largely determined by the transmural pressure gradient, hence by both vascular perfusion and alveolar ventilation pressures. Here, we have studied the production of nitric oxide by the endothelial nitric oxide synthase in two different models of vascular stretch in the intact lung: In isolated-perfused rat lungs, vascular stretch was induced by elevation of vascular pressure. In situ digital fluorescence microscopy revealed stretch-dependent NO production, which was localized to capillary endothelial cells and inhibited by NO synthase blockers. In isolated-perfused mouse lungs, vascular stretch was generated by ventilation with elevated negative pressure. Stretch-induced phosphorylation of Akt and endothelial NO synthase in lung endothelial cells was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry, and increased NO production by in situ fluorescence microscopy. Stretch-induced endothelial responses in both models were abrogated by pretreatment with phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase inhibitors. These findings demonstrate that circumferential stretch activates NO production in pulmonary endothelial cells by a signaling cascade involving phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase, Akt and endothelial NO synthase, and that this response is independent from the mechanical factors causing vascular distension.
Key words: overventilation, hydrostatic stress, fluorescence microscopy, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase
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