Published ahead of print on July 24, 2008, doi:10.1164/rccm.200712-1804OC
© 2008 American Thoracic Society doi: 10.1164/rccm.200712-1804OC
Inhaled Aztreonam Lysine for Chronic Airway Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Cystic Fibrosis1 Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; 2 University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida; 3 Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; 4 Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, Washington; 5 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and 6 Gilead Sciences, Inc., Seattle, Washington Correspondence and requests for reprints should be addressed to Karen S. McCoy, M.D., Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Ohio State University, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205. E-mail: karen.mccoy{at}nationwidechildrens.org
Rationale: The effectiveness and safety of aztreonam lysine for inhalation (AZLI) in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) on maintenance treatment for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) airway infection was evaluated in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Objectives: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of inhaled aztreonam lysine in controlling PA infection in patients with CF.
Methods: After randomization and a 28-day course of tobramycin inhalation solution (TIS), patients (n = 211; Measurements and Main Results: AZLI treatment increased median time to need for additional antipseudomonal antibiotics for symptoms of pulmonary exacerbation by 21 days, compared with placebo (AZLI, 92 d; placebo, 71 d; P = 0.007). AZLI improved mean CFQ-R respiratory scores (5.01 points, P = 0.02), FEV1 (6.3%, P = 0.001), and sputum PA density (–0.66 log10 cfu/g, P = 0.006) compared with placebo; no AZLI dose–response was observed. Adverse events reported for AZLI and placebo were comparable and consistent with CF lung disease. Susceptibility of PA to aztreonam at baseline and end of therapy were similar. Conclusions: AZLI was effective in patients with CF using frequent TIS therapy. AZLI delayed time to need for inhaled or intravenous antipseudomonal antibiotics, improved respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function, and was well tolerated. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT 00104520).
Key Words: cystic fibrosis • Pseudomonas • aztreonam • inhaled antibiotics • patient-reported outcomes • respiratory symptoms
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by pancreatic insufficiency and thick tenacious pulmonary secretions, which often lead to airway infection (1). Among older patients, the most common pathogen in CF airway infections is Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA); these infections are associated with an accelerated decline in pulmonary function and increased mortality (2–4). Over the past 15 years, management of patients with CF has improved (1, 2, 5–8). However, antimicrobial treatment options for chronic PA airway infections remain limited and additional therapies are needed to augment improvements in clinical outcomes. Aztreonam lysine for inhalation (AZLI) is an aerosolized formulation of the monobactam antibiotic aztreonam and lysine (9). The intravenous aztreonam formulation contains arginine, which can cause airway inflammation after chronic inhalation therapy in patients with CF (10, 11). The study described herein included patients with CF who frequently used antibiotics for PA airway infections and were generally compliant with the recommended standard of care (12). The study assessed the effectiveness of AZLI in this intensively treated patient population after pretreatment with tobramycin inhalation solution (TIS), and compared patient responses to AZLI dosed twice or three times daily. Early treatment of pulmonary exacerbations has resulted in fewer hospitalizations; thus, need for hospitalization has become less clinically relevant as a study endpoint (13–15). Therefore, clinical deterioration was assessed with a new outcome measure: time to need for additional antipseudomonal antibiotics to treat symptoms indicative of pulmonary exacerbation (16). Patient-reported improvements in clinical symptoms were measured with the Cystic Fibrosis Questionnaire–Revised (CFQ-R), a validated, health-related, quality-of-life measure (17–19). An established efficacy measure, change in FEV1, was also included. This combination of endpoints provided a broad view of patient responses to AZLI therapy. The results of this study have been previously published in abstract form (20).
Study Design This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, study was conducted at 56 CF centers in the United States (February 2005–September 2006). After screening (Day –42; Figure 1), eligible patients were enrolled (Day –28), randomly assigned to 75 mg AZLI (twice or three times daily) or placebo (1:1:1), and began treatment with open-label TIS (Day –28). At baseline (Day 0), patients completed the course of TIS and began the randomized AZLI/placebo treatment. Patients were monitored midtreatment (Day 14), at end of treatment (Day 28), and during follow-up (Days 42, 56, 70, 84).
A complete physical examination was performed at screening. Spirometry (American Thoracic Society standards) was performed at every study visit (before and 30 min after any treatment) (21). FEV1% predicted values were calculated using the Knudson equation (22). TIS (300 mg, twice daily) was administered with the PARI LC PLUS jet nebulizer and AZLI (75 mg aztreonam, 52.5 mg lysine monohydrate) or placebo (5 mg lactose), diluted in 1 ml of 0.17% NaCl (twice or three times daily), with the eFlow (Altera) electronic nebulizer (PARI Innovative Manufacturers, Midlothian, VA) (23). Patients self-administered a bronchodilator at home before study medication and a short-acting β2-agonist 15 minutes before the first spirometry measurements at study visits. Patients continued any prescribed bronchodilator use, excluding the 6 hours before study visits.
TIS was dispensed on Day –28 and AZLI/placebo on Day 0; used and unused vials were subsequently collected to assess treatment compliance. Compliance was defined as missing no more than 1 dose per day, or receiving This study was conducted in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Institutional review boards approved the study for each site and all patients or their guardians provided written informed consent before any study procedures.
Study Population Exclusion criteria included current oral corticosteroid use (equivalent to >10 mg prednisone daily); airway cultures yielding Burkholderia cepacia complex in the previous 2 years; oxygen supplementation, daily continuous or more than 2 L/minute at night; monobactam-antibiotic hypersensitivity; inhaled short-acting β2-agonist intolerance; recent changes in antimicrobial, bronchodilator, antiinflammatory, corticosteroid medications, or physiotherapy technique/schedule; lung transplantation; significant acute finding on chest radiograph (e.g., lobar infiltrate and atelectasis, pneumothorax, or pleural effusion) at screening or in previous 90 days; aspartate transaminase (AST) or alanine transaminase (ALT) more than five times or serum creatinine more than two times the upper limit of normal (at screening); pregnancy; lactation; or, in opinion of investigator, medical or psychiatric illness interfering with study participation.
Efficacy Measures Microbiological endpoints included the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of aztreonam for PA, and the prevalence of other pathogens.
Safety Measures
Statistical Analyses
A sample size of 210 patients for AZLI/placebo treatment was estimated as providing more than 90% power to detect a difference in time to antibiotic need, with CFQ-R and FEV1 efficacy analyses used the last observation carried forward convention. Analyses of continuous variables used analysis of covariance models with treatment as the fixed-effect and baseline (Day 0) values as covariates. The highest aztreonam MIC at baseline was the covariant for analyzing log10 PA colony-forming units. Changes in FEV1 (L) and changes in FEV1% predicted were analyzed using relative values; increases or decreases were calculated as percentages of the baseline FEV1 or FEV1% predicted values. Time to antibiotic need and to hospitalization were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier estimates and treatment groups compared using the log-rank test. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate hazard ratios. Hospitalizations were analyzed using Wilcoxon rank sum test (days) and Fisher's exact test (proportion of patients). Aztreonam concentrations (Alta Analytical Laboratory, El Dorado Hills, CA) in plasma and sputum were summarized, as were aztreonam or tobramycin MIC values inhibiting 50% (MIC50) or 90% (MIC90) of PA isolates, proportion of patients with aztreonam or tobramycin MIC values above parenteral breakpoints, and the prevalence of other pathogenic bacteria (Covance Central Laboratory Services, Indianapolis, IN) (1, 9, 27). SAS versions 8.02 and 9.1 were used (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC). If patients needed oral antibiotics without need for additional inhaled or intravenous antibiotics, they were discontinued from the study and were not considered as having met the primary endpoint. If patients needed oral antibiotics and also needed additional inhaled or intravenous antibiotics, they were discontinued from the study. If they also had one of the four predefined symptoms indicative of pulmonary exacerbation, they were considered as having met the primary endpoint. Patients who prematurely discontinued or completed the study without meeting the criteria for the primary endpoint were to be censored in the analysis of time to need for inhaled or intravenous antibiotics due to predefined symptoms. However, some of these patients were experiencing the precursor of a pulmonary exacerbation. To minimize any potential bias due to this possibly informative censoring, patients who were experiencing respiratory symptoms at the time of early termination or study completion were monitored to determine if inhaled or intravenous antibiotics were prescribed during the subsequent 2 weeks. The study protocol specified that patients were to be followed for safety purposes until adverse events resolved, but did not specify the inclusion of events after Day 84 in the primary efficacy endpoint. Analyses of the data collected during this 2-week period of time were completed before unblinding the study.
Of 363 patients screened, 211 completed the 28-day TIS run-in and began the 28-day AZLI/placebo treatment; 173 (82%) completed the AZLI/placebo treatment period, and 90 (43%) completed the study (Figure 1). Dosing compliance was 99.5% during TIS run-in and 95.3% during AZLI/placebo treatment.
Patient Characteristics
Patient Disposition during AZLI/Placebo Treatment Period and Follow-up Period Of the 121 patients discontinuing the study during the AZLI/placebo treatment or follow-up periods (Days 0–84), 45 patients (21% of 211 patients beginning the AZLI/placebo treatment period) discontinued without meeting the primary study endpoint. The majority of discontinuing patients (76 of 121) met the primary study endpoint, need for intravenous or inhaled antipseudomonal antibiotics (Days 0–84; AZLI-BID: 17 of 32 withdrawing; AZLI-TID: 21 of 39; placebo: 38 of 50; Figure 1). This group included 11 patients (AZLI-BID: 3 patients; AZLI-TID: 3 patients; placebo: 5 patients) whose need for inhaled or intravenous antipseudomonal antibiotics to treat symptoms indicative of a pulmonary exacerbation (an event) occurred after discontinuing from the study. An additional five patients had an event on the day they completed the study (AZLI-BID: 2 patients; AZLI-TID: 3 patients); they are included in the 90 patients listed as completing the study (Figure 1). Among these 16 patients, 5 had events reported after study end (Day 84); thus, the time to antibiotic need analysis was extended beyond study end (Day 84) so that data from these patients could be included (Figure 2). Of the 81 patients who met the primary endpoint, 17 (21%) received treatment with intravenous antibiotics (initial treatment or subsequent to inhaled antibiotics).
Efficacy The median time to need for additional inhaled or intravenous antipseudomonal antibiotics to treat symptoms indicative of pulmonary exacerbation was 21 days longer for the AZLI-pooled group than for the placebo group (92 vs. 71 d, measured from baseline; P = 0.007; Figure 2). Median time to antibiotic need was also longer in the AZLI-BID (>92 d, P = 0.002) and AZLI-TID (87 d, P = 0.182) groups, compared with placebo (71 d). This corresponded to a 45% reduction in risk for needing additional intravenous or inhaled antibiotics. To determine if these results were overly influenced by including the additional patient data described above, we also conducted the time to need analysis using data collected only during the 84-day study period (Days 0–84). Comparable results were obtained; time to antibiotic need was significantly longer for AZLI-treated patients than for placebo-treated patients (P = 0.002; Figure 2).
We also examined the effects of age. In both age subgroups, the proportion of patients requiring inhaled or intravenous antibiotics was smaller in the AZLI-treated group than that in the placebo-treated group (<18 yr of age: [ALZI pooled: 9 of 34, 26%], [placebo: 5 of 12, 42%];
Adjusted mean CFQ-R respiratory scores increased 5.01 points in the AZLI-pooled group compared with placebo (Day 28; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.81–9.21; P = 0.020). Significant improvements were observed for both AZLI-BID and AZLI-TID groups compared with placebo (Figure 3). Responses of the AZLI-BID and AZLI-TID groups were comparable. Scores decreased during the follow-up period (Day 84; AZLI-pooled: 0.71 points; placebo: –0.78 points; change from Day 0). During AZLI/placebo treatment (Days 0–28), CFQ-R respiratory scores improved for more AZLI-treated than placebo-treated patients (
Adjusted mean FEV1 improved 6.3% in the AZLI-pooled group compared with placebo (Day 28; 95% CI, 2.5–10.1; P = 0.001). Significant improvements were observed for both AZLI-BID and AZLI-TID groups compared with placebo (Figure 3). Responses of the AZLI-BID and AZLI-TID groups were comparable. FEV1 decreased during the follow-up period for all groups. All patients received open-label TIS during the run-in period (Days –28 to 0). By chance, only the group that later received AZLI-TID had a notable improvement in observed FEV1 (Figure E1 of the online supplement). Adjusted mean relative FEV1% predicted also improved in the AZLI-pooled group compared with placebo (Day 28; adjusted means; AZLI-pooled, 4.1%; placebo, –2.5%; treatment effect = 6.6%; 95% CI, 2.8–10.4; P < 0.001). Changes in CFQ-R respiratory scores at end of treatment (Day 28) were modestly correlated with changes in FEV1 (Pearson correlation coefficients = 0.33, 0.24, 0.33, for AZLI-BID, AZLI-TID, placebo groups, respectively; Figure E2) and with Global Rating of Change Questionnaire respiratory domain responses (Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.46; all groups combined, P < 0.001). Adjusted mean PA sputum density decreased 0.66 log10 PA cfu/g sputum in the AZLI-pooled group compared with the placebo group (Day 28: 95% CI. –1.13 to –0.19; P = 0.006). Significant decreases were observed for both AZLI-BID and AZLI-TID compared with placebo groups (Figure 3). At Day 14, responses of the AZLI-TID group were larger than those of the AZLI-BID group and, by Day 28, the responses of the AZLI-BID and AZLI-TID groups were comparable. PA density increased for all groups during the follow-up period. During the 28-day TIS run-in, mean (SE) CFQ-R respiratory scores decreased –1.47 (0.98), mean FEV1 increased 0.9% (0.8%), and mean PA density decreased 0.28 (0.14) log10 PA cfu/g sputum. Time to first hospitalization and median days per number of patients hospitalized did not differ significantly between treatment groups (Days 0–84). Weight increased 0.77% for the AZLI-pooled group compared with placebo (Day 28: 95% CI, 0.00–1.55; P = 0.051).
Safety
Mean changes in vital signs and in hematology and serum chemistry variables from Day –28 or Day 0 were comparable for all treatment groups during the study. Mean total white blood cell counts, neutrophil counts, % neutrophils, and serum glucose concentrations were near or above the upper limit of normal for all treatment groups throughout the study.
Clinical Pharmacology and Microbiology MIC50 and MIC90 values of aztreonam for PA remained unchanged between Days 0 and 56 except for a transient fourfold increase on Day 14 in the AZLI-TID group (Table 3). The proportion of patients who had PA isolates with aztreonam MIC values greater than 8 µg/ml (parenteral breakpoint) increased during AZLI treatment; the increase was transient in the AZLI-TID group (Day 0, 28, 42: AZLI-BID: 27%, 44%, 39%; AZLI-TID: 33%, 43%, 28%; placebo: 38%, 37%, 30%, respectively) (1). MIC50 and MIC90 values of tobramycin for PA isolates changed less than fourfold (Days –28 to 56). The proportion of patients who had PA with tobramycin MIC values of 8 µg/ml or more (parenteral breakpoint) did not increase (Days –28 to 42). No persistent increases were observed for the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, or Achromobacter xylosoxidans (Days 0–28); B. cepacia complex was not isolated.
AZLI at a dose of 75 mg, twice or three times daily for 28 days significantly delayed time to need for additional inhaled or intravenous antipseudomonal antibiotics to treat respiratory symptoms indicative of pulmonary exacerbation in patients with CF. Compared with placebo, AZLI treatment also significantly improved respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function and significantly decreased log10 PA colony-forming units. AZLI was well tolerated; adverse events were generally consistent with the symptoms of CF lung disease. In general, responses to twice- and three-times-daily AZLI were comparable. The reduction in PA density appeared sooner for the AZLI-TID than for the AZLI-BID group and time to antibiotic need was somewhat longer for the AZLI-BID than for the AZLI-TID group. The larger increase observed for the AZLI-TID group than for the other groups during the TIS pretreatment period likely occurred by chance, because all three groups were receiving open-label TIS. For the AZLI-TID group, the additive improvement in lung function responses resulting from back to back treatment with TIS and three-times-daily AZLI approached 10%. Upon withdrawal of therapy, the subsequent rapid decrease in lung function may have been apparent to both patients and investigators, and may have contributed to the shorter time to antibiotic need observed for the AZLI-TID group than for the AZLI-BID group. These results suggest that a time-to-need study design may be more applicable for a continuous rather than an episodic therapeutic intervention if the intervention leads to short-term improvements that decrease rapidly after therapy is withdrawn. Overall, the two AZLI dosing regimens in this study appeared to be generally comparable; no AZLI dose–response was observed. It will be interesting to see if similar results are obtained from the ongoing open-label, multicycle AZLI study of twice- and three-times-daily dosing. The increased CFQ-R respiratory scores indicated that patients perceived their respiratory symptoms as improving after AZLI treatment. CFQ-R respiratory scores appeared to detect change in this CF population with sensitivity equal to FEV1, the established efficacy endpoint. However, these endpoints are measuring different aspects of clinical efficacy, as indicated by the modest correlation between patient-reported changes in respiratory symptoms (CFQ-R respiratory) and measured changes in lung function (FEV1) (28). The decrease in PA sputum density after AZLI treatment was small but statistically significant and was observed in clinically stable patients immediately after a course of TIS. The decrease was comparable to those observed in previous TIS studies enrolling intensively treated patients, but smaller than those observed in a previous AZLI study enrolling less intensively treated patients (29–31). Thus, for PA density, the magnitude of change appears to be dependent on recent antibiotic therapies. There was no evidence for development of microbial resistance to aztreonam during this study, but this will need to be examined over longer time periods and multiple treatment courses.
Patients in this study were predominantly adults (78% Although the study entry criteria were comparable, patients in this study were older (26 vs. 21 yr) with higher mean FEV1% predicted (55 vs. 50–51%) than patients in TIS studies a decade ago (5). This patient population, despite being older, had less lung disease progression; this also likely reflects the improved clinical management of CF (1, 2, 5–8). Patient responses during the TIS run-in period appeared markedly attenuated compared with responses observed in previous TIS studies (5, 13, 14, 29, 32, 33). Further studies will be required to elucidate the mechanism(s) underlying this apparent attenuation in clinical efficacy resulting from chronic TIS use. An increase in FEV1 was observed after 28 days of AZLI treatment; therefore, AZLI appears to circumvent the mechanism(s) affecting patient responses to TIS. However, this study included only one treatment period and the effectiveness of AZLI needs to be examined over longer time periods and multiple treatment courses. The results of this study indicate that AZLI may be an effective add-on therapy for patients with CF and chronic PA airway infection who are intensively treated with TIS; in 2005, this group included 58% of patients in the United States (>5 yr of age) with CF and PA airway infection (2). The improvements in FEV1 and PA sputum density decreased during the 2 weeks after therapy stopped. Thus, to maintain lung function, future strategies for managing patients may include rotating use of different inhaled antibiotics or use of combination therapies.
The authors thank the patients and their families as well as the site investigators (SI) and research coordinators (RC) for each study site, as listed below. Statistical analyses were performed by Kendle International and Gilead Sciences, Inc. Atlantic Health System Hospital Corporation and Morristown Memorial Hospital, Summit/Morristown, NJ—SI: Stanley Fiel; RC: Paula Lomas; Alamo Clinical Research Associates, San Antonio, TX—SI: Carlos Orozco; RC: Terri Phillips, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY—SI: Jonathan Rosen; RC: Paula Malone and Katharine Mokhiber; Baptist Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK—SI: Santiago Reyes; RC: Teresa Orf; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX—SI: Christopher Oermann; RC: Charles Sellers; Chicago Children's Asthma Respiratory and Exercise Specialists, Glenview, IL—SI: Steven Boas; RC: Melinda Bicchinella; Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, WA—–SI: Ron Gibson; RC: Sharon McNamara; Children's Hospital Boston, Boston MA—–SI: David Waltz and Thomas Martin; RC: Summer Adams; Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA—–SI: Marlyn Woo; RC: Lynn Fukushima; Children's Hospital Medical Center of Akron, Akron, OH—SI: Gregory Omlor; RC: Debbie Ouellette; Children's Hospital of Michigan and Wayne State University, Detroit, MI—SI: Debbie Toder; RC: Catherine Van Wagnen; Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA—SI: Bruce Nickerson; RC: Candice Ramos and Melissa Mendoza; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA—–SI: Joseph Pilewski; RC: Elizabeth Hartigan; Children's Lung Specialists, Las Vegas, NV—–SI: Craig Nakamura; RC: Tara Brascia; Children's Medical Center of Dayton, Dayton, OH—–SI: Robert Finkt; RC: Sandy Bartosik; Children's Memorial Hospital/Northwestern University, Chicago, IL—–SI: Susanna McColley; RC: Catherine Powers; Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY—SI: Emily DiMango; RC: Jennifer Sormillon; Columbus Children's Hospital and Ohio State University, Columbus, OH—SI: Karen McCoy; RC: M. Terri Johnson; Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, CT—SI: Craig Lapin; RC: Ginny Drapeau; Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA—SI: Michael Sherman; RC: Judy Hillman; Emory Healthcare, Atlanta, GA—SI: Daniel Caplan; RC: Tedra Flynn; Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN—SI: Aruna Sannuti; RC: Annette Hempfling; Kaiser Oakland Medical Center, Oakland, CA—SI: Gregory Shay; RC: Julie Lee; Long Island College Hospital, Brooklyn, NY—SI: Robert Giusti; RC: Christine Mavaro; Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park, NY—SI: Rubin Cohen; RC: Maryanne Gannon; Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL—SI: Sean M. Forsythe; RC: Cathy Kalnicky and Theresa Krause; Maine Medical Center, Portland, ME—SI: Jonathan Zuckerman; RC: Sue Mortenson; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA—SI: Henry Dorkin; RC: Jane Solomon and Monica Ulles; Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA—SI: Margaret Guill; RC: Kathy Dyer and Juan Reyes; Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC—SI: C. Michael Bowman; RC: Terry Byars; New England Medical Center, Boston, MA—SI: Thomas Martin and William Yee; RC: Karen Murray and Corri Nelson; Nemours Children's Clinic, Jacksonville, FL—SI: Kathryn Blake; RC: Betty DeLuca; Nemours Children's Clinic, Orlando, FL—SI: Mark Weatherly; RC: Sondra Sadler; New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY—SI: Nikhil Amin; RC: Ingrid Gherson; North Suburban Pulmonary and Critical Care Consultants, Niles, IL—SI: Arvey Stone; RC: Suellen Moen; Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR—SI: Michael Wall; RC: Tamee Blankenship; Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Morgantown, WV—SI: Kathryn Moffett; RC: Susan Collins; Pediatric Pulmonary Associates, Columbia, SC—SI: Roxanne Marcille and Daniel Brown; RC: Carolyn Turner; Pediatric Pulmonary Associates, St. Petersburg, FL—SI: Magdalen Gondor; RC: Melanie Newkirk; Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA—SI: Gavin Graff; RC: Diane Kitch; Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ—SI: Peggy Radford; RC: Natalia Argel; Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI—SI: Michael Schechter; RC: Pam Marciniak; St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA—SI: Laurie Varlotta; RC: Ignacio Tapia; Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA—SI: Richard Moss; RC: Colleen Dunn and Zoe Davies; Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY—SI: Catherine Kier; RC: Teresa Carney; The Children's Hospital Association, Denver, CO—SI: Frank Accurso; RC: Meg Anthony and Churee Pardee; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR—SI: Paula Anderson; RC: Adam Taggart; University of California at Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA—SI: Brian Morrissey; RC: Doug Elliot and Ellen Vlastelin; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA—SI: Douglas Conrad; RC: Laura Koenig and Bobbie Munden; University of Florida Health Sciences Center, Gainesville, FL—SI: L. Terry Spencer; RC: Dawn Baker and Margaret Humphries; University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS—SI: Timothy Williamson; RC: Karen Conyers; University of Miami School of Medicine and Batchelor Children's Research Institute, Miami, FL—SI: Michael Light; RC: Maribeth Velasco; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI—SI: Samya Nasr; RC: Ermee Sakmar; University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN—SI: Carlos Milla; RC: Jacquelyn Zirbes and Brooke Noren; Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA—SI: Greg Elliott; RC: Juellisa Gadd; Women and Children's Hospital of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY—SI: Drucy Borowitz; RC: Nadine Caci.
Supported by Gilead Sciences, Inc.; U.S. Food and Drug Administration grant 1R01FD003016-01; and National Institutes of Health General Clinical Research Center grants M01 RR00188, M01 RR00037, M01 RR02172, M01 RR00043, M01 RR000489, M01 RR00034, M01 RR00039, M01 RR00750, M01 RR01066, M01 RR001070, M01 RR10733, M01 RR00070, M01 RR10710, M01 RR00069, M01 RR00827, M01 RR00082, M01 RR023940, M01 RR00042, M01 RR00400, and M01 RR00065. This article has an online supplement, which is accessible from this issue's table of contents at www.atsjournals.org Originally Published in Press as DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200712-1804OC on July 24, 2008 Conflict of Interest Statement: K.S.M., from 2004 to present, has received grant support for multicenter trial participation from Inspire Pharmaceuticals ($67,472), Chiron ($52,801), Genentech ($40,367), Corus ($120,178), Corus/Gilead Sciences, Inc. ($130,496); and reimbursement for airfare, hotel, and meeting attendance to the 2007 CF Conference ($7,306) from Gilead Sciences. A.L.Q. received consulting fees from Gilead Sciences, Genentech, Inc., and Novartis; travel funds were provided by Gilead Sciences and Genentech, Inc. She serves on the NASAG Board, which oversees the Epidemiological Study of the CF database and is funded by Genentech. C.M.O. has grants for participation in multicenter studies from Gilead Sciences (formerly Corus), Inspire Pharmaceuticals, and Altus Biologics; he has consulted for the France Foundation, a Graduate Medical Education firm, on CF care–based learning activities for $2,000. R.L.G. has received grant funding from Corus Pharma, Inspire Pharmaceuticals, and Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Therapeutics, Inc., to conduct clinical investigations; he also served on an advisory board for Genentech, Inc., to discuss the use of Pulmozyme in the management of early CF lung disease. G.Z.R-.B. has received funding from Gilead Sciences, Inc. (Corus Pharma), Inspire Pharmaceuticals, and Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Therapeutics, Inc., to conduct clinical trials. A.B.M. is an employee of Gilead Sciences, is an author of a patent on Aztreonam Lysine, and holds significant equity interest of 300,000 options or shares in Gilead Sciences. Received in original form December 10, 2007; accepted in final form July 24, 2008
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ABSTRACT
AT A GLANCE COMMENTARY
6 yr; 
75% predicted values) were treated with 75 mg AZLI or placebo, twice or three times daily for 28 days, then monitored for 56 days. The primary efficacy endpoint was time to need for additional inhaled or intravenous antipseudomonal antibiotics. Secondary endpoints included changes in respiratory symptoms (CF Questionnaire-Revised [CFQ-R] Respiratory Scale), pulmonary function (FEV1), and sputum PA density. Adverse events and minimum inhibitory concentrations of aztreonam for PA were monitored. 
= 0.05. The sample size estimate was based on the Lakatos normal approximation method with exponential rates of loss to follow-up assumed as 10% for both treatment groups. Under these distributions, the Day 84 rates were hypothesized to be 55% placebo (pooled) and 32% AZLI pooled. Therefore, by the end of Day 84, 39 placebo patients and 45 AZLI patients were predicted to require additional inhaled or intravenous antibiotics (the predicted absolute number of events is higher for AZLI than placebo because there are twice as many patients in the pooled AZLI group). 
