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ABSTRACT |
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TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
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It is not known if a surgical lung biopsy is necessary in all patients for the diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). We conducted a blinded, prospective study at eight referring centers. Initially, cases were evaluated by clinical history and examination, transbronchial biopsy, and high-resolution lung computed tomography scans. Pulmonologists at the referring centers then assessed their certainty of the diagnosis of IPF and provided an overall diagnosis, before surgical lung biopsy. The lung biopsies were reviewed by a pathology core and 54 of 91 patients received a pathologic diagnosis of IPF. The positive predictive value of a confident (certain) clinical diagnosis of IPF by the referring centers was 80%. The positive predictive value of a confident clinical diagnosis was higher, when the cases were reviewed by a core of pulmonologists (87%) or radiologists (96%). Lung biopsy was most important for diagnosis in those patients with an uncertain diagnosis and those thought unlikely to have IPF. These studies suggest that clinical and radiologic data that result in a confident diagnosis of IPF by an experienced pulmonologist or radiologist are sufficient to obviate the need for a lung biopsy. Lung biopsy is most helpful when clinical and radiologic data result in an uncertain diagnosis or when patients are thought not to have IPF.
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INTRODUCTION |
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TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
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Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a lung disorder with a poor prognosis (1). Because patients with other disorders that mimic IPF (2, 8) have a better prognosis or require different therapy, it is recommended that patients suspected of having IPF undergo a surgical lung biopsy. The amount of tissue obtained with transbronchial biopsy is not sufficient to make a diagnosis (17). Recent retrospective studies have suggested that radiologic findings, using high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scans, are highly specific for IPF and can be used to make a diagnosis without a lung biopsy (2, 13, 18). The present study determined the value of clinical and radiologic findings for the diagnosis of IPF.
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METHODS |
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TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
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We performed a prospective, blinded study at eight referring centers. All new patients suspected of having IPF were entered into the study if their medical condition did not preclude performing the biopsy. The study was approved by the institutional review boards for protection of human subjects at each of the centers and the subjects gave written informed consent.
The study was designed to mimic the usual clinical evaluation of patients suspected of having IPF. Patients with an underlying connective tissue disorder, exposure to environmental agents or drugs known to cause pulmonary fibrosis, or other underlying disorders known to cause pulmonary fibrosis were excluded. The remaining patients had a HRCT scan and a bronchoscopy with a transbronchial lung biopsy. The transbronchial biopsy was performed to detect lung diseases other than IPF. A diagnosis was obtained by transbronchial biopsy in only two patients. If the transbronchial biopsy did not provide a specific diagnosis, patients underwent a surgical (open or thorascopic) lung biopsy. The lung HRCT scan was not used to determine if a patient should undergo a surgical biopsy.
Before the surgical biopsy but after the results of the lung HRCT scan and transbronchial biopsy, one pulmonologist at each of the referring centers rated the certainty of the diagnosis of IPF (as certain, uncertain, or unlikely) and provided an overall clinical diagnosis, even if the diagnosis was uncertain. The center investigators could use any clinical information that was available for the patient to provide this assessment. No predetermined clinical or radiologic criteria were used to make a clinical diagnosis or to determine the level of certainty of the diagnosis of IPF.
The following information was provided by the referring centers for review by a clinical core of three pulmonologists: presence and duration of cough; presence and duration of dyspnea; history of smoking; history of fever, weight loss, myalgias, arthralgias, rash, and arthritis; presence of finger clubbing; and pulmonary function tests. The clinical core directly evaluated chest radiographs and HRCT scans. Each independently rated their certainty of the diagnosis of IPF (as certain, uncertain, or unlikely) and provided an overall clinical diagnosis, even if the diagnosis was uncertain.
A core of four chest radiologists independently evaluated the HRCT scans. No clinical information was provided. Each rated their certainty of the diagnosis of IPF (as certain, uncertain, or unlikely), and provided an overall clinical diagnosis, even if the diagnosis was uncertain.
A core of three lung pathologists independently evaluated the same sets of pathology slides. No clinical information was provided. They provided an overall pathologic diagnosis, and if they were unsure of the diagnosis, they provided a secondary diagnosis.
Data Analysis
The kappa statistic (23) was used to assess agreement in IPF diagnosis for all observers within each of the cores. The kappa coefficient used to measure agreement within the cores was based on the form proposed by Kraemer (24), which allowed for unequal numbers of observations per subject. The probability of agreement between any two members of a core, estimated as the average proportion of concordant pairs for all possible pairings of raters per subject, was also estimated (25). Using the pathology diagnosis of IPF as the gold standard, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and positive predictive value of the diagnosis of IPF of the cores and centers were calculated. For the combinations of overall clinical diagnosis and certainty of diagnosis of each of the cores and referring centers, Bayesian posterior probabilities corresponding to the predictive value of the diagnosis/certainty of diagnosis in identifying IPF were calculated (26). A prior probability of IPF of 0.60, corresponding to the prevalence of IPF in new suspected patients who present for diagnosis, was used in these calculations. This estimate was based on the proportion of patients in whom IPF was diagnosed by the pathology diagnosis. A high level of sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and Bayesian posterior conditional predictive probability for a confident IPF diagnosis would suggest that biopsy is not necessary for cases with a confident diagnosis of IPF.
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RESULTS |
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ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
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The eight referring centers entered 91 patients; 82 of these patients had no complications from the biopsy. In four patients, an air leak persisted for up to 6 d. Three patients were readmitted because of a pneumothorax which resolved with placement of a chest tube. One patient developed a postoperative fever without a change on the chest radiograph. Another patient, a 70-yr-old white male, was hospitalized with dyspnea due to a pneumothorax. The patient was evaluated using the protocol because of a chest radiograph consistent with interstitial lung disease. During his hospital stay, he had recurrent pneumothoraces. Because of this, he had a thoracoscopy for removal of blebs and a pleurodesis. A lung biopsy was performed during the procedure. Postoperatively, he developed increased respiratory failure and died.
Pathologic findings consistent with usual interstitial pneumonia were required for the clinical diagnosis of IPF (27). When only the primary diagnosis was used, the probability that any two pathologists in the pathology core would agree regarding the presence or absence of IPF 0.85 (Table 1). If the secondary diagnosis was considered, the probability of agreement was 0.87. The probability of agreement regarding a specific primary diagnosis was 0.72. When both the primary and secondary diagnoses were considered, the probability of agreement for a specific diagnosis was 0.85. The agreement regarding a specific diagnosis was not as high when compared with the agreement regarding the presence or absence of IPF because there was less agreement in the group of patients who did not have IPF. Of the 37 patients in whom IPF was not diagnosed by at least two of the pathologists, the probability of agreement regarding a specific primary diagnosis was 0.48. For this study, we considered agreement between two pathologists regarding a specific diagnosis or the presence or absence of IPF, as the standard for the study. This allowed us to have agreement on the presence or absence of IPF on all patients. Overall, IPF was present in 54 cases and not present in 37 cases. Of the 37 non-IPF cases, one had silicosis, 12 had respiratory bronchiolitis, seven had hypersensitivity pneumonitis, three had sarcoidosis, one had histiocytosis-X, two had emphysema, one had bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia, six had nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis, two had bronchoalveolar carcinoma, one had pulmonary hypertension, and one had eosinophilic pneumonia.
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Referring Centers
Overall, the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and positive predictive value of the diagnosis of IPF were 85%, 43%, 68%, and 69%, respectively (Table 2). When the uncertain cases were excluded, the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and positive predictive value of a confident diagnosis were 93%, 36%, 78%, and 80%, respectively (Table 3). The probability that a patient has IPF given a confident (certain) diagnosis by the referring center was 0.81 (Table 4).
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A diagnosis of IPF/usual interstitial pneumonia uniformly resulted in aggressive therapy with corticosteroids, usually with a cytotoxic agent. Of the 54 patients with IPF, 11 were not thought to have IPF before biopsy. The information was also used for counseling regarding prognosis for these patients with IPF. For the remaining 37 patients, less aggressive therapy appropriate for the diagnosis was used. For nine patients, a certain diagnosis of IPF underwent a major change to: lung cancer (two patients), sarcoidosis (two), hypersensitivity pneumonitis (three), silicosis (one), and emphysema (one).
Radiology Core
The probability that any two members of the core would agree with respect to the presence or absence of IPF was 0.77 (Table 1). Agreement within the core regarding a specific diagnosis was lower at 0.54 because there was less agreement for the patients who were believed not to have IPF. Overall, the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and positive predictive value of the diagnosis of IPF were 77%, 72%, 75%, and 85%, respectively (Table 2). When the uncertain cases were excluded, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and positive predictive value were 87%, 95%, 90%, and 96%, respectively (Table 3). The probability that a patient has IPF given a confident (certain) diagnosis of IPF by the radiology core was 0.96 (Table 4). One additional observation of the radiology core was that there were no instances where the diagnosis of IPF was associated with a normal HRCT scan (data not shown).
Clinical Core
The overall agreement within the core related to the presence or absence of IPF was 0.79 (Table 1). The agreement within the core related to a specific diagnosis was much lower at 0.49. Overall, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and positive predictive value of the diagnosis of IPF were 72%, 84%, 77%, and 87%, respectively (Table 2). When the uncertain cases were excluded, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and positive predictive value of a confident diagnosis were 79%, 87%, 86%, and 87% (Table 3). The probability that a patient has IPF given a confident (certain) diagnosis of IPF by the clinical core was 0.87 (Table 4).
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DISCUSSION |
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TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
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Overall, this study showed that clinical and radiologic data that result in a confident diagnosis by a pulmonologist or radiologist with extensive experience in the care of patients with interstitial lung diseases are sufficient to obviate the need for a lung biopsy. For these clinicians, the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and positive predictive value of a confident diagnosis are very high. It is important to note, however, that a confident clinical diagnosis of IPF identified only one-half of the patients who actually have this disorder. This study also suggests that lung biopsy may be required for diagnosis when patients are cared for by less experienced clinicians, when the diagnosis is uncertain, and when the clinical diagnosis is not IPF. The study also showed that it is easier to determine the presence or absence of IPF without lung biopsy than it is to make a specific diagnosis. This is due, in large part, to difficulty in determining a diagnosis in patients who do not have IPF.
For this study, we defined agreement on the diagnosis of IPF in the pathology core as two of the three members agreeing, rather than developing a consensus within the core. Although this may have resulted in chance agreement in a few instances, it is unlikely that this study design resulted in a change in overall diagnosis. In addition, because of the design of the study, we were able to evaluate, for the first time, the frequency of agreement between experienced pathologists or pulmonologists regarding the diagnosis of an interstitial lung disease. The frequency of agreement in the pathology core regarding the presence or absence of IPF was approximately 85%. The accuracy of this observation is supported by the observation that the agreement between pathologists at the clinical centers and the pathology core was also approximately 80% (data not shown). These observations suggest that in populations of patients with interstitial lung disease, a specific diagnosis might be difficult in approximately 15 to 20% of the cases, even with a surgical biopsy.
Several retrospective studies have evaluated agreement by radiologists for evaluation of lung HRCT scans of patients with interstitial lung disease. Collins and coworkers evaluated interobserver and intraobserver variability in evaluating lung HRCT scans in patients with IPF (19). The overall kappa score for the pattern type on the lung HRCT scans in the study was 0.48, a value that is not significantly different from that observed in this study. In a study by Daniloff and associates (28), the kappa score for interobserver agreement for the presence of nodules, septal lines, and ground-glass attenuation on lung HRCT scans from patients with chronic beryllium disease was 0.53, 0.44, and 0.53, respectively. These levels of agreement are also similar to that observed in this study. Kazerooni and coworkers correlated evidence of "fibrosis" on lung HRCT scans with evidence of fibrosis on pathologic specimens (29). In the study, interobserver agreement on the lung HRCT scans was also similar to the present study. These observations, as an aggregate, suggest that the levels of interobserver agreement in the present study are consistent with prior studies.
It is important to emphasize that the results of this study were generated by pathologists, pulmonologists, and radiologists with a significant amount of experience with IPF and other interstitial lung diseases. Whether these results could be duplicated in other clinical settings is not clear. It should also be noted that members of the pathology and radiology cores evaluated the cases without knowledge of the clinical history, which is often available in clinical practice. This was not the case, however, in the referring centers where there was an exchange of information among clinicians, radiologists, and pathologists. This clinical setting most closely replicated the care of patients by pulmonary physicians in the community. In addition, a number of patients with interstitial disease, i.e., those with an underlying connective tissue disease or occupational lung disease, were excluded from the study because they often do not require open lung biopsy for diagnosis.
The overall findings of this study are similar to that of Raghu and colleagues (30). It is reassuring, for both studies, that the sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of a confident diagnosis of IPF were almost the same. The study by Raghu and colleagues was performed within a single institution, whereas this was a multicenter study with review of the data by clinical, radiologic, and pathology cores. A major strength of the current study is the broad and extensive experience of the participating investigators. In addition, a thorough analysis of agreement between these experienced clinicians, radiologists, and pathologists for the diagnosis of IPF is presented. This information should be critical for the design of future clinical studies of IPF.
In summary, this study defined in a prospective and blinded manner the capacity of experienced pulmonologists and radiologists to determine the presence or absence of IPF, using only clinical and radiologic information. In clinical practice, only a small percentage of patients undergo lung biopsy, in spite of recommendations that patients have a pathologic confirmation of the diagnosis of the disease. This may be due, in part, to complications associated with the procedure, as noted for this study. The information from this study should help clinicians determine when a surgical biopsy will be most helpful in various patient care settings. In addition, the data from this study suggest that, for some patients, biopsy proof of IPF may not, in the future, be regarded as a necessary criterion for inclusion in clinical studies. For these clinical studies, inclusion of patients without a lung biopsy may require the expertise of experienced cores of clinicians and radiologists, as was the case in this study.
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Footnotes |
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Correspondence and requests for reprints should be addressed to Gary W. Hunninghake, M.D., University of Iowa College of Medicine and Veterans Administration Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, C33-GH, Iowa City, IA 52242. E-mail: gary-hunninghake{at}uiowa.edu
(Received in original form January 22, 2001 and in revised form February 28, 2001).
1 Current address: Dept. of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary Disease Division, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California.2 Current address: Dept of Radio Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC.
Acknowledgments: The authors thank DeAnna O'Quinn for her expert assistance in the preparation of this manuscript and Julia Stutzman for her assistance in conducting this study.
Supported in part by the NHLBI SCOR program on interstitial lung disease.
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References |
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ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
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C. A Yi, K. S. Lee, J. Han, M. P. Chung, M. J. Chung, and K. M. Shin 3-T MRI for Differentiating Inflammation- and Fibrosis-Predominant Lesions of Usual and Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia: Comparison Study with Pathologic Correlation Am. J. Roentgenol., April 1, 2008; 190(4): 878 - 885. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. I. S. Silva, N. L. Muller, D. M. Hansell, K. S. Lee, A. G. Nicholson, and A. U. Wells Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Changes in Pattern and Distribution of Disease over Time Radiology, April 1, 2008; 247(1): 251 - 259. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. Thomeer, M. Demedts, J. Behr, R. Buhl, U. Costabel, C. D. R. Flower, J. Verschakelen, F. Laurent, A. G. Nicholson, E. K. Verbeken, et al. Multidisciplinary interobserver agreement in the diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Eur. Respir. J., March 1, 2008; 31(3): 585 - 591. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. M. Antoniou, D. M. Hansell, M. B. Rubens, K. Marten, S. R. Desai, N. M. Siafakas, A. G. Nicholson, R. M. du Bois, and A. U. Wells Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Outcome in Relation to Smoking Status Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., January 15, 2008; 177(2): 190 - 194. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. du Bois and T. E King Jr Challenges in pulmonary fibrosis {middle dot} 5: The NSIP/UIP debate Thorax, November 1, 2007; 62(11): 1008 - 1012. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. Noth and F. J. Martinez Recent Advances in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Chest, August 1, 2007; 132(2): 637 - 650. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. H. Ryu, C. E. Daniels, T. E. Hartman, and E. S. Yi Diagnosis of Interstitial Lung Diseases Mayo Clin. Proc., August 1, 2007; 82(8): 976 - 986. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. H. Park, D. K. Kim, D. S. Kim, Y. Koh, S.-D. Lee, W. S. Kim, W. D. Kim, and S. I. Park Mortality and risk factors for surgical lung biopsy in patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonia Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., June 1, 2007; 31(6): 1115 - 1119. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. B Gotway, M. M Freemer, and T. E King Jr Challenges in pulmonary fibrosis {middle dot} 1: Use of high resolution CT scanning of the lung for the evaluation of patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonias Thorax, June 1, 2007; 62(6): 546 - 553. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. R. Flaherty, A.-C. Andrei, T. E. King Jr., G. Raghu, T. V. Colby, A. Wells, N. Bassily, K. Brown, R. du Bois, A. Flint, et al. Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia: Do Community and Academic Physicians Agree on Diagnosis? Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., May 15, 2007; 175(10): 1054 - 1060. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. Mueller-Mang, C. Grosse, K. Schmid, L. Stiebellehner, and A. A. Bankier What Every Radiologist Should Know about Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias RadioGraphics, May 1, 2007; 27(3): 595 - 615. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. E. Kreider, J. Hansen-Flaschen, N. N. Ahmad, M. D. Rossman, L. R. Kaiser, J. C. Kucharczuk, and J. B. Shrager Complications of Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Lung Biopsy in Patients with Interstitial Lung Disease Ann. Thorac. Surg., March 1, 2007; 83(3): 1140 - 1144. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. D. Miller Invited commentary Ann. Thorac. Surg., March 1, 2007; 83(3): 1145 - 1145. [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. F. Shorr, C. J. Lettieri, D. L. Helman, and D. A. Zisman Role for Transbronchial Biopsy in the Diagnosis of Usual Interstitial Pneumonia Chest, January 1, 2007; 131(1): 329 - 330. [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. K. Brown and M. I. Schwarz Classifying interstitial lung disease: remembrance of things past. Chest, November 1, 2006; 130(5): 1289 - 1291. [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Mukherjee and M. Spiteri Transbronchial biopsy and usual interstitial pneumonia: a step backward in disease management? Chest, November 1, 2006; 130(5): 1628 - 1628. [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Raghu, D. Weycker, J. Edelsberg, W. Z. Bradford, and G. Oster Incidence and Prevalence of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., October 1, 2006; 174(7): 810 - 816. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Sumikawa, T. Johkoh, K. Ichikado, H. Taniguchi, Y. Kondoh, K. Fujimoto, U. Tateishi, T. Hiramatsu, A. Inoue, J. Natsag, et al. Usual Interstitial Pneumonia and Chronic Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia: Analysis of CT Appearance in 92 Patients Radiology, October 1, 2006; 241(1): 258 - 266. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. W. Kinder, H. R. Collard, and T. E. King Jr Anticoagulant therapy and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest, July 1, 2006; 130(1): 302 - 303. [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. J. Martinez and M. P. Keane Update in diffuse parenchymal lung diseases 2005. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., May 15, 2006; 173(10): 1066 - 1071. [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. A. Souza, N. L. Muller, K. S. Lee, T. Johkoh, H. Mitsuhiro, and S. Chong Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias: prevalence of mediastinal lymph node enlargement in 206 patients. Am. J. Roentgenol., April 1, 2006; 186(4): 995 - 999. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Raghu, S. T.-Y. Yang, C. Spada, J. Hayes, and C. A. Pellegrini Sole Treatment of Acid Gastroesophageal Reflux in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Case Series Chest, March 1, 2006; 129(3): 794 - 800. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 F. J. Martinez Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias: Usual Interstitial Pneumonia versus Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia. Proceedings of the ATS, January 1, 2006; 3(1): 81 - 95. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. S. Kim, H. R. Collard, and T. E. King Jr. Classification and natural history of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Proceedings of the ATS, January 1, 2006; 3(4): 285 - 292. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. S. Taskar and D. B. Coultas Is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis an environmental disease? Proceedings of the ATS, January 1, 2006; 3(4): 293 - 298. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Misumi and D. A. Lynch Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis/usual interstitial pneumonia: imaging diagnosis, spectrum of abnormalities, and temporal progression. Proceedings of the ATS, January 1, 2006; 3(4): 307 - 314. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. K. Brown Chronic Cough Due to Chronic Interstitial Pulmonary Diseases: ACCP Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines Chest, January 1, 2006; 129(1_suppl): 180S - 185S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Z. A. Aziz, A. U. Wells, E. D. Bateman, S. J. Copley, S. R. Desai, J. C. Grutters, D. G. Milne, G. D. Phillips, D. Smallwood, J. Wiggins, et al. Interstitial Lung Disease: Effects of Thin-Section CT on Clinical Decision Making Radiology, December 12, 2005; (2005) 2381041823. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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N. Najjar, A. El Gamal, S. Halabi, and V. Leyenson A 38-Year-Old Man With HIV Infection and Subacute Onset of Cough and Dyspnea Chest, December 1, 2005; 128(6): 4008 - 4012. [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. A. Souza, N. L. Muller, J. Flint, J. L. Wright, and A. Churg Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Spectrum of High-Resolution CT Findings Am. J. Roentgenol., December 1, 2005; 185(6): 1531 - 1539. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 G. W. Hunninghake Antioxidant Therapy for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. N. Engl. J. Med., November 24, 2005; 353(21): 2285 - 2287. [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. R. F. M.D. and G. G. Hunninghake Smoking: An Injury with Many Lung Manifestations Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., November 1, 2005; 172(9): 1070 - 1071. [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. P. Steele, M. C. Speer, J. E. Loyd, K. K. Brown, A. Herron, S. H. Slifer, L. H. Burch, M. M. Wahidi, J. A. Phillips III, T. A. Sporn, et al. Clinical and Pathologic Features of Familial Interstitial Pneumonia Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., November 1, 2005; 172(9): 1146 - 1152. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. C. Fishbein Diagnosis: To Biopsy or Not to Biopsy: Assessing the Role of Surgical Lung Biopsy in the Diagnosis of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Chest, November 1, 2005; 128(5_suppl_1): 520S - 525S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Tiitto, U. Heiskanen, R. Bloigu, P. Paakko, V. Kinnula, and R. Kaarteenaho-Wiik Thoracoscopic Lung Biopsy Is a Safe Procedure in Diagnosing Usual Interstitial Pneumonia Chest, October 1, 2005; 128(4): 2375 - 2380. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. A. Lynch, J. D. Godwin, S. Safrin, K. M. Starko, P. Hormel, K. K. Brown, G. Raghu, T. E. King Jr., W. Z. Bradford, D. A. Schwartz, et al. High-Resolution Computed Tomography in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Diagnosis and Prognosis Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., August 15, 2005; 172(4): 488 - 493. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 P. W. Noble and R. J. Homer Back to the Future: Historical Perspective on the Pathogenesis of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., August 1, 2005; 33(2): 113 - 120. [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. E. King Jr. Clinical Advances in the Diagnosis and Therapy of the Interstitial Lung Diseases Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., August 1, 2005; 172(3): 268 - 279. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. A. Lynch, W. D. Travis, N. L. Muller, J. R. Galvin, D. M. Hansell, P. A. Grenier, and T. E. King Jr Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias: CT Features Radiology, July 1, 2005; 236(1): 10 - 21. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. E. Halkos, A. A. Gal, F. Kerendi, D. L. Miller, and J. I. Miller Jr Role of Thoracic Surgeons in the Diagnosis of Idiopathic Interstitial Lung Disease Ann. Thorac. Surg., June 1, 2005; 79(6): 2172 - 2179. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H.-K. Lee, D. S. Kim, B. Yoo, J. B. Seo, J.-Y. Rho, T. V. Colby, and M. Kitaichi Histopathologic Pattern and Clinical Features of Rheumatoid Arthritis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease Chest, June 1, 2005; 127(6): 2019 - 2027. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. J. Riley Risk of Surgical Lung Biopsy in Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias Chest, May 1, 2005; 127(5): 1485 - 1486. [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. J. Lettieri, G. R. Veerappan, D. L. Helman, C. R. Mulligan, and A. F. Shorr Outcomes and Safety of Surgical Lung Biopsy for Interstitial Lung Disease Chest, May 1, 2005; 127(5): 1600 - 1605. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. J. Swigris, W. G. Kuschner, J. L. Kelsey, and M. K. Gould Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Challenges and Opportunities for the Clinician and Investigator Chest, January 1, 2005; 127(1): 275 - 283. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. U. Wells Histopathologic Diagnosis in Diffuse Lung Disease: An Ailing Gold Standard Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., October 15, 2004; 170(8): 828 - 829. [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. R. Flaherty, T. E. King Jr., G. Raghu, J. P. Lynch III, T. V. Colby, W. D. Travis, B. H. Gross, E. A. Kazerooni, G. B. Toews, Q. Long, et al. Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia: What Is the Effect of a Multidisciplinary Approach to Diagnosis? Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., October 15, 2004; 170(8): 904 - 910. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 T Fischer, J H Reynolds, and S E Trotter The idiopathic interstitial pneumonias: a beginner's guide Imaging, October 1, 2004; 16(1): 37 - 49. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. R. Desai, S. Veeraraghavan, D. M. Hansell, A. Nikolakopolou, N. S. L. Goh, A. G. Nicholson, T. V. Colby, C. P. Denton, C. M. Black, R. M. du Bois, et al. CT Features of Lung Disease in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis: Comparison with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia Radiology, August 1, 2004; 232(2): 560 - 567. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 N. Khalil and R. O'Connor Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: current understanding of the pathogenesis and the status of treatment Can. Med. Assoc. J., July 20, 2004; 171(2): 153 - 160. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. R. Collard, J. H. Ryu, W. W. Douglas, M. I. Schwarz, D. Curran-Everett, T. E. King Jr., and K. K. Brown Combined Corticosteroid and Cyclophosphamide Therapy Does Not Alter Survival in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Chest, June 1, 2004; 125(6): 2169 - 2174. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Z A Aziz, A U Wells, D M Hansell, G A Bain, S J Copley, S R Desai, S M Ellis, F V Gleeson, S Grubnic, A G Nicholson, et al. HRCT diagnosis of diffuse parenchymal lung disease: inter-observer variation Thorax, June 1, 2004; 59(6): 506 - 511. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C Jakubzick, E S Choi, S L Kunkel, H Evanoff, F J Martinez, R K Puri, K R Flaherty, G B Toews, T V Colby, E A Kazerooni, et al. Augmented pulmonary IL-4 and IL-13 receptor subunit expression in idiopathic interstitial pneumonia J. Clin. Pathol., May 1, 2004; 57(5): 477 - 486. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. Ambrosini, A. Cancellieri, M. Chilosi, M. Zompatori, R. Trisolini, L. Saragoni, and V. Poletti Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: report of a series Eur. Respir. J., November 1, 2003; 22(5): 821 - 826. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Lacasse, M. Selman, U. Costabel, J.-C. Dalphin, M. Ando, F. Morell, R. Erkinjuntti-Pekkanen, N. Muller, T. V. Colby, M. Schuyler, et al. Clinical Diagnosis of Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., October 15, 2003; 168(8): 952 - 958. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. W. Hunninghake, D. A. Lynch, J. R. Galvin, B. H. Gross, N. Muller, D. A. Schwartz, T. E. King Jr, J. P. Lynch III, R. Hegele, J. Waldron, et al. Radiologic Findings Are Strongly Associated With a Pathologic Diagnosis of Usual Interstitial Pneumonia Chest, October 1, 2003; 124(4): 1215 - 1223. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Kaminski, J. A. Belperio, P. B. Bitterman, L. Chen, S. W. Chensue, A. M.K. Choi, S. Dacic, J. H. Dauber, R. M. du Bois, J. J. Enghild, et al. Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., September 1, 2003; 29(3): S1 - 105. [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. R. Collard, T. E. King Jr., B. B. Bartelson, J. S. Vourlekis, M. I. Schwarz, and K. K. Brown Changes in Clinical and Physiologic Variables Predict Survival in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., September 1, 2003; 168(5): 538 - 542. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. I. Latsi, R. M. du Bois, A. G. Nicholson, T. V. Colby, D. Bisirtzoglou, A. Nikolakopoulou, S. Veeraraghavan, D. M. Hansell, and A. U. Wells Fibrotic Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia: The Prognostic Value of Longitudinal Functional Trends Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., September 1, 2003; 168(5): 531 - 537. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K R Flaherty, E L Thwaite, E A Kazerooni, B H Gross, G B Toews, T V Colby, W D Travis, J A Mumford, S Murray, A Flint, et al. Radiological versus histological diagnosis in UIP and NSIP: survival implications Thorax, February 1, 2003; 58(2): 143 - 148. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 H. R. Collard and T. E. King Jr Demystifying Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia Arch Intern Med, January 13, 2003; 163(1): 17 - 29. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H Ishii, H Mukae, J Kadota, H Kaida, T Nagata, K Abe, S Matsukura, and S Kohno High serum concentrations of surfactant protein A in usual interstitial pneumonia compared with non-specific interstitial pneumonia Thorax, January 1, 2003; 58(1): 52 - 57. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. H.Y. Green Overview of Pulmonary Fibrosis Chest, December 1, 2002; 122 (2009): 334S - 339S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Behr Is "nonusual interstitial pneumonia" an acceptable diagnosis? Eur. Respir. J., November 1, 2002; 20(5): 1069 - 1070. [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Demedts and U. Costabel ATS/ERS international multidisciplinary consensus classification of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias Eur. Respir. J., May 1, 2002; 19(5): 794 - 796. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 ADDITIONAL ARTICLES ABSTRACTED IN ACP JOURNAL CLUB Evid. Based Med., March 1, 2002; 7(2): 35 - 35. [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. J. TOBIN Tuberculosis, Lung Infections, Interstitial Lung Disease, and Socioeconomic Issues in AJRCCM 2001 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., March 1, 2002; 165(5): 631 - 641. [Full Text] [PDF]
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American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society International Multidisciplinary Consensus Classification of the Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias . This Joint Statement of the American Thoracic Society (ATS), and the European Respiratory Society (ERS) was adopted by the ATS Board of Directors, June 2001 and by The ERS Executive Committee, June 2001 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., January 15, 2002; 165(2): 277 - 304. [Full Text] [PDF]
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A.-L. A. Katzenstein and J. L. Myers Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis . To Biopsy or Not to Biopsy Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., July 15, 2001; 164(2): 185 - 186. [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. L. S. MacDonald, M. B. Rubens, D. M. Hansell, S. J. Copley, S. R. Desai, R. M. du Bois, A. G. Nicholson, T. V. Colby, and A. U. Wells Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia and Usual Interstitial Pneumonia: Comparative Appearances at and Diagnostic Accuracy of Thin-Section CT Radiology, December 1, 2001; 221(3): 600 - 605. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. A. Lynch Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia: Evolving Concepts Radiology, December 1, 2001; 221(3): 583 - 584. [Full Text] [PDF]
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