Published ahead of print on February 26, 2009, doi:10.1164/rccm.200811-1678OC
© 2009 American Thoracic Society doi: 10.1164/rccm.200811-1678OC
Evidence for Angiotensin-converting Enzyme 2 as a Therapeutic Target for the Prevention of Pulmonary Hypertension1 Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, and 2 Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; 3 Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana; 4 Department of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, and 5 Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida Correspondence and requests for reprints should be addressed to Mohan K. Raizada, Ph.D., University of Florida, College of Medicine, 1600 SW Archer Road, P.O. Box 100274, Gainesville, FL 32610. E-mail: mraizada{at}phys.med.ufl.edu Rationale: It has been proposed that an activated renin angiotensin system (RAS) causes an imbalance between the vasoconstrictive and vasodilator mechanisms involving the pulmonary circulation leading to the development of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Recent studies have indicated that angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a member of the vasoprotective axis of the RAS, plays a regulatory role in lung pathophysiology, including pulmonary fibrosis and acute lung disease. Based on these observations, we propose the hypothesis that activation of endogenous ACE2 can shift the balance from the vasoconstrictive, proliferative axis (ACE-Ang II-AT1R) to the vasoprotective axis [ACE2-Ang-(1–7)-Mas] of the RAS, resulting in the prevention of PH. Objectives: We have taken advantage of a recently discovered synthetic activator of ACE2, XNT (1-[(2-dimethylamino) ethylamino]-4-(hydroxymethyl)-7-[(4-methylphenyl) sulfonyl oxy]-9H-xanthene-9-one), to study its effects on monocrotaline-induced PH in rats to support this hypothesis. Methods: The cardiopulmonary effects of XNT were evaluated in monocrotaline-induced PH rat model. Measurements and Main Results: A single subcutaneous treatment of monocrotaline in rats resulted in elevated right ventricular systolic pressure, right ventricular hypertrophy, increased pulmonary vessel wall thickness, and interstitial fibrosis. These changes were associated with increases in the mRNA levels of renin, ACE, angiotensinogen, AT1 receptors, and proinflammatory cytokines. All these features of PH were prevented in these monocrotaline-treated rats by chronic treatment with XNT. In addition, XNT caused an increase in the antiinflammatory cytokine, IL-10. Conclusions: These observations provide conceptual support that activation of ACE2 by a small molecule can be a therapeutically relevant approach for treating and controlling PH.
Key Words: renin angiotensin system • angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 • pulmonary heart disease.
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