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Published ahead of print on March 12, 2008, doi:10.1164/rccm.200701-036OC
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American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Vol 177. pp. 1331-1337, (2008)
© 2008 American Thoracic Society
doi: 10.1164/rccm.200701-036OC

Original Article

Atopic Diseases, Allergic Sensitization, and Exposure to Traffic-related Air Pollution in Children

Verena Morgenstern1, Anne Zutavern1,2, Josef Cyrys1,3, Inken Brockow4, Sibylle Koletzko2, Ursula Krämer5, Heidrun Behrendt6, Olf Herbarth7,8, Andrea von Berg9, Carl Peter Bauer4, H.-Erich Wichmann1,10 and Joachim Heinrich1 for the GINI Study Group* and the LISA Study Group*

1 Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Munich, Germany; 2 Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Dr. v. Hauner's Children's Hospital, Munich, Germany; 3 University Augsburg, WZU–Environmental Science Center, Augsburg, Germany; 4 Technical University Munich, Children's Hospital, Munich, Germany; 5 Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung, Working Area Epidemiology, Düsseldorf, Germany; 6 Technical University Munich, Division of Environmental Dermatology and Allergy, ZAUM–Center for Allergy and Environment, Munich, Germany; 7 UFZ–Human Exposure Research and Epidemiology at the UFZ Leipzig-Halle, Leipzig, Germany; 8 Faculty of Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Environmental Hygiene, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; 9 Marien-Hospital Wesel, Wesel, Germany; and 10 Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Institute of Medical Data Management, Biometrics and Epidemiology, Munich, Germany

Correspondence and requests for reprints should be addressed to Joachim Heinrich, Ph.D., Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany. E-mail: joachim.heinrich{at}helmholtz-muenchen.de

Rationale: In vitro studies, animal experiments, and human exposure studies have shown how ambient air pollution increases the risk of atopic diseases. However, results derived from observational studies are inconsistent.

Objectives: To assess the relationship between individual-based exposure to traffic-related air pollutants and allergic disease outcomes in a prospective birth cohort study during the first 6 years of life.

Methods: We studied 2,860 children at the age of 4 years and 3,061 at the age of 6 years to investigate atopic diseases and allergic sensitization. Long-term exposure to particulate matter (PM2.5), PM2.5 absorbance, and long-term exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) was assessed at residential addresses using geographic information systems based regression models and air pollution measurements. The distance to the nearest main road was used as a surrogate for traffic-related air pollutants.

Measurements and Main Results: Strong positive associations were found between the distance to the nearest main road and asthmatic bronchitis, hay fever, eczema, and sensitization. A distance-dependent relationship could be identified, with the highest odds ratios (ORs) for children living less than 50 m from busy streets. For PM2.5 absorbance, statistically significant effects were found for asthmatic bronchitis (OR, 1.56; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03–2.37), hay fever (OR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.11–2.27), and allergic sensitization to pollen (OR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.20–1.64). NO2 exposure was associated with eczema, whereas no association was found for allergic sensitization.

Conclusions: This study provides strong evidence for increased risk of atopic diseases and allergic sensitization when children are exposed to ambient particulate matter.

Key Words: air pollution • GIS • allergic sensitization • allergy


AT A GLANCE COMMENTARY

Scientific Knowledge on the Subject
Epidemiologic investigations on exposure to traffic-related air pollutants and atopic outcomes have found inconsistent results.

What This Study Adds to the Field
This study provides strong evidence for the adverse effects of traffic-related air pollutants on atopic diseases, as well as on allergic sensitization, when individual-based exposure assessment strategies are applied.

 



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