Published ahead of print on May 16, 2007, doi:10.1164/rccm.200703-456SO
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Vol 176. pp. 532-555, (2007)
© 2007 American Thoracic Society
doi: 10.1164/rccm.200703-456SO
Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary DiseaseGOLD Executive Summary
Klaus F. Rabe1,
Suzanne Hurd2,
Antonio Anzueto3,
Peter J. Barnes4,
Sonia A. Buist5,
Peter Calverley6,
Yoshinosuke Fukuchi7,
Christine Jenkins8,
Roberto Rodriguez-Roisin9,
Chris van Weel10 and
Jan Zielinski11
1 Leiden University Medical Center, Pulmonology, Leiden, The Netherlands; 2 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, Gaithersburg, Maryland; 3 University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas; 4 National Heart and Lung Institute, London, United Kingdom; 5 Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; 6 University Hospital Aintree, Liverpool, United Kingdom; 7 Asian Pacific Society of Respirology, Tokyo, Japan; 8 Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, North Sydney, Australia; 9 Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; 10 University of Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and 11 Institute of TB and Lung Diseases, Warsaw, Poland
Correspondence and requests for reprints should be addressed to Prof. Klaus F. Rabe, M.D., Ph.D., Leiden University Medical Center, Pulmonology, P.O. Box 9600, NL-2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands. E-mail: k.f.rabe{at}lumc.nl.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains a major public health problem. It is the fourth leading cause of chronic morbidity and mortality in the United States, and is projected to rank fifth in 2020 in burden of disease worldwide, according to a study published by the World Bank/World Health Organization. Yet, COPD remains relatively unknown or ignored by the public as well as public health and government officials. In 1998, in an effort to bring more attention to COPD, its management, and its prevention, a committed group of scientists encouraged the U.S. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and the World Health Organization to form the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Among the important objectives of GOLD are to increase awareness of COPD and to help the millions of people who suffer from this disease and die prematurely of it or its complications. The first step in the GOLD program was to prepare a consensus report, Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of COPD, published in 2001. The present, newly revised document follows the same format as the original consensus report, but has been updated to reflect the many publications on COPD that have appeared. GOLD national leaders, a network of international experts, have initiated investigations of the causes and prevalence of COPD in their countries, and developed innovative approaches for the dissemination and implementation of COPD management guidelines. We appreciate the enormous amount of work the GOLD national leaders have done on behalf of their patients with COPD. Despite the achievements in the 5 years since the GOLD report was originally published, considerable additional work is ahead of us if we are to control this major public health problem. The GOLD initiative will continue to bring COPD to the attention of governments, public health officials, health care workers, and the general public, but a concerted effort by all involved in health care will be necessary.
Key Words: COPD guidelines human chronic disease
Related articles in AJRCCM:
- COPD Guidelines: The Important Thing Is Not to Stop Questioning
- Leonardo M. Fabbri, Piera Boschetto, and Cristina E. Mapp
AJRCCM 2007 176: 527-528.
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[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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P. B. Koff, R. H. Jones, J. M. Cashman, N. F. Voelkel, and R. W. Vandivier
Proactive integrated care improves quality of life in patients with COPD
Eur. Respir. J.,
May 1, 2009;
33(5):
1031 - 1038.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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A. Kjensli, J. A. Falch, M. Ryg, T. Blenk, G. Armbrecht, L. M. Diep, and I. Ellingsen
High prevalence of vertebral deformities in COPD patients: relationship to disease severity
Eur. Respir. J.,
May 1, 2009;
33(5):
1018 - 1024.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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G. Devouassoux, V. Cottin, H. Liote, E. Marchand, I. Frachon, A. Schuller, F. Bejui-Thivolet, J-F. Cordier, and the Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherche sur les Maladi
Characterisation of severe obliterative bronchiolitis in rheumatoid arthritis
Eur. Respir. J.,
May 1, 2009;
33(5):
1053 - 1061.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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L. Puente-Maestu, J. Perez-Parra, R. Godoy, N. Moreno, A. Tejedor, F. Gonzalez-Aragoneses, J-L. Bravo, F. Villar Alvarez, S. Camano, and A. Agusti
Abnormal mitochondrial function in locomotor and respiratory muscles of COPD patients
Eur. Respir. J.,
May 1, 2009;
33(5):
1045 - 1052.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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J. Vestbo, L. Tan, G. Atkinson, J. Ward, and on behalf of the UK-500,001 Global Study Team
A controlled trial of 6-weeks' treatment with a novel inhaled phosphodiesterase type-4 inhibitor in COPD
Eur. Respir. J.,
May 1, 2009;
33(5):
1039 - 1044.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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S. G. Kelsen, M. O. Aksoy, M. Georgy, R. Hershman, R. Ji, X. Li, M. Hurford, C. Solomides, W. Chatila, and V. Kim
Lymphoid Follicle Cells in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Overexpress the Chemokine Receptor CXCR3
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.,
May 1, 2009;
179(9):
799 - 805.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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B G Cosio, A Iglesias, A Rios, A Noguera, E Sala, K Ito, P J Barnes, and A Agusti
Low-dose theophylline enhances the anti-inflammatory effects of steroids during exacerbations of COPD
Thorax,
May 1, 2009;
64(5):
424 - 429.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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A. Punturieri, E. Szabo, T. L. Croxton, S. D. Shapiro, and S. M. Dubinett
Lung Cancer and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Needs and Opportunities for Integrated Research
J Natl Cancer Inst,
April 15, 2009;
101(8):
554 - 559.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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W. C. Tan, C. Lo, A. Jong, L. Xing, M. J. FitzGerald, W. M. Vollmer, S. A. Buist, D. D. Sin, and for the Vancouver Burden of Obstructive Lung Disea
Marijuana and chronic obstructive lung disease: a population-based study
Can. Med. Assoc. J.,
April 14, 2009;
180(8):
814 - 820.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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J.-y. Jing, T.-c. Huang, W. Cui, F. Xu, and H.-h. Shen
Should FEV1/FEV6 Replace FEV1/FVC Ratio To Detect Airway Obstruction?: A Metaanalysis
Chest,
April 1, 2009;
135(4):
991 - 998.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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D. A. Mahler, J. A. Murray, L. A. Waterman, J. Ward, W. J. Kraemer, X. Zhang, and J. C. Baird
Endogenous opioids modify dyspnoea during treadmill exercise in patients with COPD
Eur. Respir. J.,
April 1, 2009;
33(4):
771 - 777.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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M. Cazzola, P. Noschese, and F. Di Perna
Value of adding a polyvalent mechanical bacterial lysate to therapy of COPD patients under regular treatment with salmeterol/fluticasone
Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease,
April 1, 2009;
3(2):
59 - 63.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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S Dorman, C Jolley, A Abernethy, D Currow, M Johnson, M Farquhar, G Griffiths, T Peel, S Moosavi, A Byrne, et al.
Researching breathlessness in palliative care: consensus statement of the National Cancer Research Institute Palliative Care Breathlessness Subgroup
Palliative Medicine,
April 1, 2009;
23(3):
213 - 227.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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A. Churg, S. Zhou, X. Wang, R. Wang, and J. L. Wright
The Role of Interleukin-1{beta} in Murine Cigarette Smoke-Induced Emphysema and Small Airway Remodeling
Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol.,
April 1, 2009;
40(4):
482 - 490.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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P.-R. Burgel, P. Nesme-Meyer, P. Chanez, D. Caillaud, P. Carre, T. Perez, N. Roche, and on behalf of the Initiatives Bronchopneumopathie C
Cough and Sputum Production Are Associated With Frequent Exacerbations and Hospitalizations in COPD Subjects
Chest,
April 1, 2009;
135(4):
975 - 982.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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J. A. Marwick, G. Caramori, C. S. Stevenson, P. Casolari, E. Jazrawi, P. J. Barnes, K. Ito, I. M. Adcock, P. A. Kirkham, and A. Papi
Inhibition of PI3K{delta} Restores Glucocorticoid Function in Smoking-induced Airway Inflammation in Mice
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.,
April 1, 2009;
179(7):
542 - 548.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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R. Casaburi and R. ZuWallack
Pulmonary Rehabilitation for Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
N. Engl. J. Med.,
March 26, 2009;
360(13):
1329 - 1335.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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Y. Zhou, C. Wang, W. Yao, P. Chen, J. Kang, S. Huang, B. Chen, C. Wang, D. Ni, X. Wang, et al.
COPD in Chinese nonsmokers
Eur. Respir. J.,
March 1, 2009;
33(3):
509 - 518.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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J. Rizkallah, S. F. P. Man, and D. D. Sin
Prevalence of Pulmonary Embolism in Acute Exacerbations of COPD: A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis
Chest,
March 1, 2009;
135(3):
786 - 793.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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Y. M.T.A. van Durme, K. M.C. Verhamme, A.-J. L.H.J. Aarnoudse, G. R. Van Pottelberge, A. Hofman, J. C.M. Witteman, G. F. Joos, G. G. Brusselle, and B. H.C. Stricker
C-Reactive Protein Levels, Haplotypes, and the Risk of Incident Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.,
March 1, 2009;
179(5):
375 - 382.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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D E O'Donnell, P Laveneziana, J Ora, K A Webb, Y-M Lam, and D Ofir
Evaluation of acute bronchodilator reversibility in patients with symptoms of GOLD stage I COPD
Thorax,
March 1, 2009;
64(3):
216 - 223.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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P N Black and C F McDonald
Interventions to reduce the frequency of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Postgrad. Med. J.,
March 1, 2009;
85(1001):
141 - 147.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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M. I. Polkey and K. F. Rabe
Chicken or egg: physical activity in COPD revisited
Eur. Respir. J.,
February 1, 2009;
33(2):
227 - 229.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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M. Cazzola
From large clinical trials to management of COPD in the real world
Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease,
February 1, 2009;
3(1):
39 - 46.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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H. Watz, B. Waschki, T. Meyer, and H. Magnussen
Physical activity in patients with COPD
Eur. Respir. J.,
February 1, 2009;
33(2):
262 - 272.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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E. J. Lee, K. H. In, J. H. Kim, S. Y. Lee, C. Shin, J. J. Shim, K. H. Kang, S. H. Yoo, C. H. Kim, H.-K. Kim, et al.
Proteomic Analysis in Lung Tissue of Smokers and COPD Patients
Chest,
February 1, 2009;
135(2):
344 - 352.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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P. White
Prevalence of COPD in primary care: no room for complacency
Fam. Pract.,
February 1, 2009;
26(1):
1 - 2.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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D. D. Marciniuk
Pulmonary Function Testing
ACCP Pulmonary Med Brd Rev,
January 1, 2009;
25(0):
187 - 204.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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N. B. Volkova, A. Kodani, D. Hilario, S. M. Munyaradzi, and M. W. Peterson
Spirometry Utilization After Hospitalization for Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbations
American Journal of Medical Quality,
January 1, 2009;
24(1):
61 - 66.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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J. N. Methvin, D. M. Mannino, and B. R. Casey
COPD Prevalence in Southeastern Kentucky: The Burden of Lung Disease Study
Chest,
January 1, 2009;
135(1):
102 - 107.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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H. Iwamoto, A. Yokoyama, Y. Kitahara, N. Ishikawa, Y. Haruta, K. Yamane, N. Hattori, H. Hara, and N. Kohno
Airflow Limitation in Smokers Is Associated with Subclinical Atherosclerosis
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.,
January 1, 2009;
179(1):
35 - 40.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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K Jatta, G Eliason, G M Portela-Gomes, L Grimelius, O Caro, L Nilholm, A Sirjso, K Piehl-Aulin, and S M Abdel-Halim
Overexpression of von Hippel-Lindau protein in skeletal muscles of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
J. Clin. Pathol.,
January 1, 2009;
62(1):
70 - 76.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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E Barreiro, R Rabinovich, J Marin-Corral, J A Barbera, J Gea, and J Roca
Chronic endurance exercise induces quadriceps nitrosative stress in patients with severe COPD
Thorax,
January 1, 2009;
64(1):
13 - 19.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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F. Maltais, J. Bourbeau, S. Shapiro, Y. Lacasse, H. Perrault, M. Baltzan, P. Hernandez, M. Rouleau, M. Julien, S. Parenteau, et al.
Effects of Home-Based Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Randomized Trial
Ann Intern Med,
December 16, 2008;
149(12):
869 - 878.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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M. Remy-Jardin and J. Remy
Vascular Disease in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Proceedings of the ATS,
December 15, 2008;
5(9):
891 - 899.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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M. Gerhardsson de Verdier
The Big Three Concept: A Way to Tackle the Health Care Crisis?
Proceedings of the ATS,
December 1, 2008;
5(8):
800 - 805.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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W. MacNee, J. Maclay, and D. McAllister
Cardiovascular Injury and Repair in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Proceedings of the ATS,
December 1, 2008;
5(8):
824 - 833.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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R. Rodriguez-Roisin and J. B. Soriano
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease with Lung Cancer and/or Cardiovascular Disease
Proceedings of the ATS,
December 1, 2008;
5(8):
842 - 847.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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F. Luppi, F. Franco, B. Beghe, and L. M. Fabbri
Treatment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Its Comorbidities
Proceedings of the ATS,
December 1, 2008;
5(8):
848 - 856.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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Copyright © 2007 American Thoracic Society
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