help button home button
AJRCCM
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
Published ahead of print on May 28, 2003, doi:10.1164/rccm.200212-1483OC
This Article
Right arrow Full Text
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow All Versions of this Article:
200212-1483OCv1
168/4/448    most recent
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Lienhardt, C.
Right arrow Articles by Bennett, S.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Lienhardt, C.
Right arrow Articles by Bennett, S.
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Vol 168. pp. 448-455, (2003)
© 2003 American Thoracic Society

Original Article

Risk Factors for Tuberculosis Infection in Sub-Saharan Africa

A Contact Study in The Gambia

Christian Lienhardt, Katherine Fielding, Jackson Sillah, Abdulaye Tunkara, Simon Donkor, Kebba Manneh, David Warndorff, Keith P. McAdam and Steve Bennett

Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara; National TB Control Programme, Banjul, The Gambia; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Dakar, Sénégal; and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Correspondence and requests for reprints should be addressed to Christian Lienhardt, IRD, BP 1386, Dakar, Sénégal. E-mail: lienhardt{at}dakar.ird.sn

{dagger}Deceased

Few studies have investigated the risk factors for tuberculosis (TB) infection in highly endemic countries. We conducted a household study in The Gambia, in which a tuberculin skin test (TST) was performed in members of the households of 315 smear-positive pulmonary TB cases and 305 community control subjects. The risk of being TST positive (10 mm or more) was higher in contacts of cases than in contacts of control subjects. It increased with age, male sex, and duration of stay in the household but was not associated with the presence of a bacille de Calmette-Guérin scar. Within the households of the TB cases, the risk of TST positivity was higher in males and was increased with age, social proximity to the case, and the radiologic extent of the disease in the case's chest X-ray. Adjusting on these, the risk of TST positivity was higher in first-degree relatives compared with more distant relatives and nongenetically related household members, but the effect was not statistically significant. In highly endemic areas, the risk of TB infection in contacts of TB infectious cases is associated with age, sex, intensity of exposure to the case, and severity of disease in the case, but it is possible that genetic factors contribute to the susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.

Key Words: tuberculosis infection • tuberculin skin test • Mantoux test • contact investigation




This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 Int J EpidemiolHome page
Ma. C. Garcia-Sancho F, L. Garcia-Garcia, Ma. E. Jimenez-Corona, M. Palacios-Martinez, L. D Ferreyra-Reyes, S. Canizales-Quintero, B. Cano-Arellano, A. Ponce-de-Leon, J. Sifuentes-Osornio, P. Small, et al.
Is tuberculin skin testing useful to diagnose latent tuberculosis in BCG-vaccinated children?
Int. J. Epidemiol., December 1, 2006; 35(6): 1447 - 1454.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J Trop Med HygHome page
C. C. WHALEN, A. CHIUNDA, S. ZALWANGO, L. NSHUTI, E. JONES-LOPEZ, A. OKWERA, C. HIRSCH, P. PETERS, W. H. BOOM, and R. D. MUGERWA
IMMUNE CORRELATES OF ACUTE MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION IN HOUSEHOLD CONTACTS IN KAMPALA, UGANDA.
Am J Trop Med Hyg, July 1, 2006; 75(1): 55 - 61.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 PediatricsHome page
P. C. Hill, R. H. Brookes, I. M.O. Adetifa, A. Fox, D. Jackson-Sillah, M. D. Lugos, S. A. Donkor, R. J. Marshall, S. R.C. Howie, T. Corrah, et al.
Comparison of Enzyme-Linked Immunospot Assay and Tuberculin Skin Test in Healthy Children Exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Pediatrics, May 1, 2006; 117(5): 1542 - 1548.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 AAP Grand RoundsHome page
D. Schiff
BCG Vaccine Efficacy: A New Assessment
AAP Grand Rounds, March 1, 2006; 15(3): 29 - 30.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Int J EpidemiolHome page
C Lienhardt, K Fielding, J. Sillah, B Bah, P Gustafson, D Warndorff, M Palayew, I Lisse, S Donkor, S Diallo, et al.
Investigation of the risk factors for tuberculosis: a case-control study in three countries in West Africa
Int. J. Epidemiol., August 1, 2005; 34(4): 914 - 923.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eur Respir JHome page
S. Verver, J. H. van Loenhout-Rooyackers, R. Bwire, J. A. C. M. Annee-van Bavel, H. J. M. de Lange, P. J. H. J. van Gerven, and M. W. Borgdorff
Tuberculosis infection in children who are contacts of immigrant tuberculosis patients
Eur. Respir. J., July 1, 2005; 26(1): 126 - 132.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.Home page
M. J. Tobin
Tuberculosis, Lung Infections, Interstitial Lung Disease, Social Issues and Journalology in AJRCCM 2003
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., January 15, 2004; 169(2): 288 - 300.
[Full Text] [PDF]


HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol.
Copyright © 2003 American Thoracic Society