American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Vol 168. pp. 10-48, (2003)
© 2003 American Thoracic Society
Disorders of the Respiratory Muscles
Franco Laghi and
Martin J. Tobin
Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Edward Hines, Jr. Veterans Administration Hospital, and Loyola University of Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Hines, Illinois
Correspondence and requests for reprints should be addressed to Franco Laghi, M.D., Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Edward Hines, Jr. VA Hospital, 111 N. 5th Avenue and Roosevelt Road, Hines, IL 60141. E-mail: FLAGHI{at}lumc.edu
The act of breathing depends on coordinated activity of the respiratory muscles to generate subatmospheric pressure. This action is compromised by disease states affecting anatomical sites ranging from the cerebral cortex to the alveolar sac. Weakness of the respiratory muscles can dominate the clinical manifestations in the later stages of several primary neurologic and neuromuscular disorders in a manner unique to each disease state. Structural abnormalities of the thoracic cage, such as scoliosis or flail chest, interfere with the action of the respiratory muscles—again in a manner unique to each disease state. The hyperinflation that accompanies diseases of the airways interferes with the ability of the respiratory muscles to generate subatmospheric pressure and it increases the load on the respiratory muscles. Impaired respiratory muscle function is the most severe consequence of several newly described syndromes affecting critically ill patients. Research on the respiratory muscles embraces techniques of molecular biology, integrative physiology, and controlled clinical trials. A detailed understanding of disease states affecting the respiratory muscles is necessary for every physician who practices pulmonary medicine or critical care medicine.
Key Words: respiratory insufficiency • heart failure • nervous system diseases • neuromuscular diseases • sepsis
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
|
|
 
G. S. Supinski and L. A. Callahan
Calpain Activation Contributes to Endotoxin-Induced Diaphragmatic Dysfunction
Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol.,
January 1, 2010;
42(1):
80 - 87.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. S. Supinski, W. Wang, and L. A. Callahan
Caspase and calpain activation both contribute to sepsis-induced diaphragmatic weakness
J Appl Physiol,
November 1, 2009;
107(5):
1389 - 1396.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Laghi, N. Adiguzel, and M. J. Tobin
Endocrinological derangements in COPD
Eur. Respir. J.,
October 1, 2009;
34(4):
975 - 996.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. Tobin, F. Laghi, and L. Brochard
Role of the respiratory muscles in acute respiratory failure of COPD: lessons from weaning failure
J Appl Physiol,
September 1, 2009;
107(3):
962 - 970.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. S. Supinski, X. Ji, and L. A. Callahan
The JNK MAP kinase pathway contributes to the development of endotoxin-induced diaphragm caspase activation
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol,
September 1, 2009;
297(3):
R825 - R834.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Jenkins and B. Hope-Gill
Orthopnoea in a young woman
BMJ,
August 26, 2009;
339(aug26_2):
b3093 - b3093.
[Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. F. Ferreira, L. A. A. Gilliam, and M. B. Reid
L-2-Oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylate reverses glutathione oxidation and delays fatigue of skeletal muscle in vitro
J Appl Physiol,
July 1, 2009;
107(1):
211 - 216.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. M. Kravitz
Airway Clearance in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Pediatrics,
May 1, 2009;
123(Supplement_4):
S231 - S235.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. Rosen
Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
ACCP Pulmonary Med Brd Rev,
January 1, 2009;
25(0):
129 - 136.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. W. H. van Hees, P. N. R. Dekhuijzen, and L. M. A. Heunks
Levosimendan Enhances Force Generation of Diaphragm Muscle from Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.,
January 1, 2009;
179(1):
41 - 47.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Steier, C. J. Jolley, J. Seymour, S. Kaul, Y. M. Luo, G. F. Rafferty, N. Hart, M. I. Polkey, and J. Moxham
Sleep-disordered breathing in unilateral diaphragm paralysis or severe weakness
Eur. Respir. J.,
December 1, 2008;
32(6):
1479 - 1487.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. De Troyer
Impact of diaphragmatic contraction on the stiffness of the canine mediastinum
J Appl Physiol,
September 1, 2008;
105(3):
887 - 893.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. A. C. Ottenheijm, G. J. Jenniskens, M. C. P. Geraedts, T. Hafmans, L. M. A. Heunks, T. H. van Kuppevelt, and P. N. R. Dekhuijzen
Diaphragm dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a role for heparan sulphate?
Eur. Respir. J.,
July 1, 2007;
30(1):
80 - 89.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Parthasarathy, A. Jubran, F. Laghi, and M. J. Tobin
Sternomastoid, rib cage, and expiratory muscle activity during weaning failure
J Appl Physiol,
July 1, 2007;
103(1):
140 - 147.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Chiara, D. Martin, and C. Sapienza
Expiratory Muscle Strength Training: Speech Production Outcomes in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Neurorehabil Neural Repair,
May 1, 2007;
21(3):
239 - 249.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. P. Saboisky, R. B. Gorman, A. De Troyer, S. C. Gandevia, and J. E. Butler
Differential activation among five human inspiratory motoneuron pools during tidal breathing
J Appl Physiol,
February 1, 2007;
102(2):
772 - 780.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Schonhofer, M. I. Polkey, S. Suchi, and D. Kohler
Effect of Home Mechanical Ventilation on Inspiratory Muscle Strength in COPD
Chest,
December 1, 2006;
130(6):
1834 - 1838.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. H. Hulzebos, N. L. van Meeteren, B. J. van den Buijs, R. A de Bie, A B. de la Riviere, and P. J. Helders
Feasibility of preoperative inspiratory muscle training in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery with a high risk of postoperative pulmonary complications: a randomized controlled pilot study
Clinical Rehabilitation,
November 1, 2006;
20(11):
949 - 959.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. J. Moore, A. Stubbings, E. B. Swallow, M. Dusmet, P. Goldstraw, R. Porcher, J. Moxham, M. I. Polkey, and M. A. Ferenczi
Passive properties of the diaphragm in COPD
J Appl Physiol,
November 1, 2006;
101(5):
1400 - 1405.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. A. C. Ottenheijm, L. M. A. Heunks, Y.-P. Li, B. Jin, R. Minnaard, H. W. H. van Hees, and P. N. R. Dekhuijzen
Activation of the Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway in the Diaphragm in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.,
November 1, 2006;
174(9):
997 - 1002.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. H. J. Hulzebos, P. J. M. Helders, N. J. Favie, R. A. De Bie, A. Brutel de la Riviere, and N. L. U. Van Meeteren
Preoperative intensive inspiratory muscle training to prevent postoperative pulmonary complications in high-risk patients undergoing CABG surgery: a randomized clinical trial.
JAMA,
October 18, 2006;
296(15):
1851 - 1857.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Duguet, A. Demoule, J. Gonzalez, O. Remy-Neris, J. P. Derenne, and T. Similowski
Predicting the recovery of ventilatory activity in central respiratory paralysis.
Neurology,
July 25, 2006;
67(2):
288 - 292.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. I. Lewis, S. C. Bodine, N. Kamangar, X. Xu, X. Da, and M. Fournier
Effect of severe short-term malnutrition on diaphragm muscle signal transduction pathways influencing protein turnover
J Appl Physiol,
June 1, 2006;
100(6):
1799 - 1806.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D E O'Donnell and C M Parker
COPD exacerbations {middle dot} 3: Pathophysiology.
Thorax,
April 1, 2006;
61(4):
354 - 361.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. A. C. Ottenheijm, L. M. A. Heunks, T. Hafmans, P. F. M. van der Ven, C. Benoist, H. Zhou, S. Labeit, H. L. Granzier, and P. N. R. Dekhuijzen
Titin and Diaphragm Dysfunction in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.,
March 1, 2006;
173(5):
527 - 534.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. B. Gorman, D. K. McKenzie, J. E. Butler, J. F. Tolman, and S. C. Gandevia
Diaphragm Length and Neural Drive after Lung Volume Reduction Surgery
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.,
November 15, 2005;
172(10):
1259 - 1266.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Windisch, H.-J. Kabitz, and S. Sorichter
Influence of Different Trigger Techniques on Twitch Mouth Pressure During Bilateral Anterior Magnetic Phrenic Nerve Stimulation
Chest,
July 1, 2005;
128(1):
190 - 195.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Troosters, R. Casaburi, R. Gosselink, and M. Decramer
Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.,
July 1, 2005;
172(1):
19 - 38.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Brack, A. Jubran, F. Laghi, and M. J. Tobin
Fluctuations in End-Expiratory Lung Volume during Cheyne-Stokes Respiration
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.,
June 15, 2005;
171(12):
1408 - 1413.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Laghi, W. E. Langbein, A. Antonescu-Turcu, A. Jubran, C. Bammert, and M. J. Tobin
Respiratory and Skeletal Muscles in Hypogonadal Men with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.,
March 15, 2005;
171(6):
598 - 605.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. A. Incalzi, A. Corsonello, C. Pedone, F. Corica, P. Carbonin, R. Bernabei, and on Behalf of the GIFA Investigators
Construct Validity of Activities of Daily Living Scale: A Clue To Distinguish the Disabling Effects of COPD and Congestive Heart Failure
Chest,
March 1, 2005;
127(3):
830 - 838.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. J. Meyer, D. Lossnitzer, A. V. Kristen, A. M. Schoene, W. Kubler, H. A. Katus, and M. M. Borst
Respiratory muscle dysfunction in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension
Eur. Respir. J.,
January 1, 2005;
25(1):
125 - 130.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
W.D-C. Man, J. Moxham, and M.I. Polkey
Magnetic stimulation for the measurement of respiratory and skeletal muscle function
Eur. Respir. J.,
November 1, 2004;
24(5):
846 - 860.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. F. Donohue and J. A. Ohar
Effects of Corticosteroids on Lung Function in Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Proceedings of the ATS,
November 1, 2004;
1(3):
152 - 160.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. H. Lavietes, C. M. Gerula, K. G. Fless, N. S. Cherniack, and R. R. Arora
Inspiratory Muscle Weakness in Diastolic Dysfunction
Chest,
September 1, 2004;
126(3):
838 - 844.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Traeger and H. B. Panitch
Tests of Respiratory Muscle Strength In Neonates
NeoReviews,
May 1, 2004;
5(5):
e208 - e214.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Boczkowski
Lung Infection and the Diaphragm: Placing Basic Research in Clinical Perspective
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.,
March 15, 2004;
169(6):
662 - 663.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. Tobin
Critical Care Medicine in AJRCCM 2003
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.,
January 15, 2004;
169(2):
239 - 253.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. Tobin
Sleep-Disordered Breathing, Control of Breathing, Respiratory Muscles, Pulmonary Function Testing in AJRCCM 2003
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.,
January 15, 2004;
169(2):
254 - 264.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. Tobin
Asthma, Airway Biology, and Nasal Disorders in AJRCCM 2003
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.,
January 15, 2004;
169(2):
265 - 276.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. Tobin
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Pollution, Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Transplantation, Pleural Disease, and Lung Cancer in AJRCCM 2003
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.,
January 15, 2004;
169(2):
301 - 313.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. D Lowman Jr, A. Y. Jones, E. Dean, and C. C. Chow
Breathing Exercises for Patients With COPD: To Teach or Not to Teach
Physical Therapy,
October 1, 2003;
83(10):
948 - 951.
[Full Text]
|
|
|
Copyright © 2003 American Thoracic Society
|
|
|
