This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Carpagnano, G. E. Articles by Kharitonov, S. A. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Carpagnano, G. E. Articles by Kharitonov, S. A.

Increased Leukotriene B₄ and Interleukin-6 in Exhaled Breath Condensate in Cystic Fibrosis

Department of Thoracic Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and Institute of Respiratory Diseases, University of Bari, Bari, Italy

Correspondence and requests for reprints should be addressed to Peter J. Barnes, Department of Thoracic Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Dovehouse Street, London SW3 6LY, UK. E-mail: p.j.barnes{at}ic.ac.uk

Chronic neutrophilic airway inflammation is an important feature of cystic fibrosis (CF). Noninvasive inflammatory markers may be useful in monitoring CF. Leukotriene B₄ (LTB₄) and interleukin (IL)-6 are inflammatory mediators that are increased in chronic neutrophilic inflammation. The aim of this study was to assess whether LTB₄ and IL-6 were increased in exhaled breath condensate of CF patients and whether they could be used to monitor inflammation. Twenty patients with CF (13 males, age of 28 ± 9 years) were recruited together with 15 age-matched healthy subjects (8 males, age 35 ± 7 years). LTB₄ and IL-6 levels were markedly elevated in patients with acute exacerbations (28.8 ± 4.3 and 8.7 ± 0.4 pg/ml) compared with control subjects (6.8 ± 0.7 and 2.6 ± 0.1 pg/ml, p < 0.0001). We also observed a decrease of exhaled LTB₄ and IL-6 concentrations after antibiotic treatment in six patients who were followed until clinically stable (31.1 ± 4.4 and 9.5 ± 0.4 pg/ml vs. 18.8 ± 0.8 and 6.4 ± 0.2 pg/ml, respectively) and an increase in 15 CF patients infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (34.3 ± 5.0 and 9.3 ± 0.3 pg/m) compared with those infected with other bacteria (18.3 ± 0.7 and 6.9 ± 0.5 pg/ml). These findings suggest that LTB₄ and IL-6 levels are increased in exhaled breath condensate of patients with CF during exacerbation and could be used to monitor airway inflammation in these patients.

Key Words: leukotriene B₄ • interleukin-6, cystic fibrosis • exhaled breath condensate • airway inflammation

This article has been cited by other articles:

				Z. L. Borrill, K. Roy, and D. Singh Exhaled breath condensate biomarkers in COPD Eur. Respir. J., August 1, 2008; 32(2): 472 - 486. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K J Mackerness, G R Jenkins, A Bush, and P J Jose Characterisation of the range of neutrophil stimulating mediators in cystic fibrosis sputum Thorax, July 1, 2008; 63(7): 614 - 620. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Elizur, C. L. Cannon, and T. W. Ferkol Airway Inflammation in Cystic Fibrosis Chest, February 1, 2008; 133(2): 489 - 495. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. E. Carpagnano, M. P. Foschino-Barbaro, A. Spanevello, O. Resta, F. Carpagnano, G. Mule, R. Pinto, S. Tommasi, and A. Paradiso 3p Microsatellite Signature in Exhaled Breath Condensate and Tumor Tissue of Patients with Lung Cancer Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., February 1, 2008; 177(3): 337 - 341. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Montuschi Review: Analysis of exhaled breath condensate in respiratory medicine: methodological aspects and potential clinical applications Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease, October 1, 2007; 1(1): 5 - 23. [Abstract] [PDF]

				S. D. Sagel, J. F. Chmiel, and M. W. Konstan Sputum Biomarkers of Inflammation in Cystic Fibrosis Lung Disease Proceedings of the ATS, August 1, 2007; 4(4): 406 - 417. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. J. Dubin and J. K. Kolls IL-23 mediates inflammatory responses to mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection in mice Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, February 1, 2007; 292(2): L519 - L528. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. Gaber, F. Acevedo, I. Delin, B-M. Sundblad, L. Palmberg, K. Larsson, M. Kumlin, and S-E. Dahlen Saliva is one likely source of leukotriene B4 in exhaled breath condensate Eur. Respir. J., December 1, 2006; 28(6): 1229 - 1235. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. D. Goldbart, J. Krishna, R. C. Li, L. D. Serpero, and D. Gozal Inflammatory Mediators in Exhaled Breath Condensate of Children With Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome. Chest, July 1, 2006; 130(1): 143 - 148. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. P. O'Sullivan and A. D. Michelson The Inflammatory Role of Platelets in Cystic Fibrosis Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., March 1, 2006; 173(5): 483 - 490. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. J. Sloane, R. A. Lindner, S. S. Prasad, L. T. Sebastian, S. K. Pedersen, M. Robinson, P. T. Bye, D. W. Nielson, and J. L. Harry Proteomic Analysis of Sputum from Adults and Children with Cystic Fibrosis and from Control Subjects Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., December 1, 2005; 172(11): 1416 - 1426. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. E. Carpagnano, M P. Foschino Barbaro, M. Cagnazzo, G Di Gioia, T Giliberti, C Di Matteo, and O Resta Use of Exhaled Breath Condensate in the Study of Airway Inflammation After Hypertonic Saline Solution Challenge Chest, November 1, 2005; 128(5): 3159 - 3166. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. E. Carpagnano, M. P. Foschino-Barbaro, G. Mule, O. Resta, S. Tommasi, A. Mangia, F. Carpagnano, G. Stea, A. Susca, G. Di Gioia, et al. 3p Microsatellite Alterations in Exhaled Breath Condensate from Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., September 15, 2005; 172(6): 738 - 744. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. Horvath, J. Hunt, P. J. Barnes, and On behalf of the ATS/ERS Task Force on Exhaled Bre Exhaled breath condensate: methodological recommendations and unresolved questions Eur. Respir. J., September 1, 2005; 26(3): 523 - 548. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S Brennan, G L Hall, F Horak, A Moeller, P M C Pitrez, A Franzmann, S Turner, N de Klerk, P Franklin, K R Winfield, et al. Correlation of forced oscillation technique in preschool children with cystic fibrosis with pulmonary inflammation Thorax, February 1, 2005; 60(2): 159 - 163. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. J. Tobin Pediatrics, Surfactant, and Cystic Fibrosis in AJRCCM 2003 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., January 15, 2004; 169(2): 277 - 287. [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. D. Moloney, S. E. Mumby, R. Gajdocsi, J. H. Cranshaw, S. A. Kharitonov, G. J. Quinlan, and M. J. Griffiths Exhaled Breath Condensate Detects Markers of Pulmonary Inflammation after Cardiothoracic Surgery Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., January 1, 2004; 169(1): 64 - 69. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K.-i. Inoue, H. Takano, T. Yoshikawa, G. E. Carpagnano, and P. J. Barnes Interleukin-6, Obstructive Sleep Apnea, and Obesity Chest, October 1, 2003; 124(4): 1621 - 1623. [Full Text] [PDF]