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American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Vol 166. pp. 1218-1224, (2002)
© 2002 American Thoracic Society

Original Article

Local and Systemic Inflammation in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptors Are Increased in Sputum

Juanita H. Vernooy, Mehmet Küçükaycan, Jan A. Jacobs, Niels H. Chavannes, Wim A. Buurman, Mieke A. Dentener and Emiel F. Wouters

Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht, Departments of Pulmonology and General Surgery, Maastricht University; and Departments of Medical Microbiology and General Practice, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands

Correspondence and requests for reprints should be addressed to Juanita H. J. Vernooy, M.Sc., Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Maastricht, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands. E-mail: j.vernooy{at}pul.unimaas.nl

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by significant chronic inflammation in the pulmonary compartment as well as in the circulation. This study aimed to elucidate the relationship between local and systemic inflammation in smoking-induced COPD by assessing levels of soluble (s) tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptors, TNF-{alpha}, and interleukin-8 (IL-8) in induced sputum and in plasma. Sputum induction was performed in 18 subjects with COPD (FEV1 56% predicted) and 17 healthy smokers (FEV1 99% predicted). Patients with COPD showed significantly higher percentages of neutrophils and levels of sTNF-R55 and IL-8 in sputum as compared with control subjects, whereas sputum sTNF-R75 levels tended to be higher in COPD. Sputum TNF-{alpha} levels were similar in both groups. When comparing sTNF receptors in sputum and plasma, no direct correlations were found despite elevation of circulating sTNF-R75 levels in patients with COPD. In addition, sputum sTNF receptors were inversely related to the FEV1 in patients with COPD, whereas circulating sTNF receptors were not, suggesting different regulation of inflammation in the pulmonary and systemic compartment. When subjects were divided according to their current smoking status, levels of sTNF-R55, sTNF-R75, and IL-8 in sputum were significantly elevated in ex-smoking versus currently smoking patients with COPD, suggesting ongoing inflammation in airways and circulation of patients with COPD after smoking cessation.

Key Words: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease • pulmonary inflammation • systemic inflammation • smoking cessation • tumor necrosis factor receptors




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