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Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., Volume 165, Number 4, February 2002, 508-513

Screening for Lung Cancer with Low-Dose Spiral Computed Tomography

STEPHEN J. SWENSEN, JAMES R. JETT, JEFF A. SLOAN, DAVID E. MIDTHUN, THOMAS E. HARTMAN, ANNE-MARIE SYKES, GREGORY L. AUGHENBAUGH, FRANK E. ZINK, SHAUNA L. HILLMAN, GAYLE R. NOETZEL, RANDOLPH S. MARKS, AMY C. CLAYTON, and PETER C. PAIROLERO

Department of Radiology, the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Internal Medicine, the Section of Biostatistics, the Cancer Center Statistics Unit, the Division of Medical Oncology, the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and the Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota

Studies suggest that screening with spiral computed tomography can detect lung cancers at a smaller size and earlier stage than chest radiography can. To evaluate low-radiation-dose spiral computed tomography and sputum cytology in screening for lung cancer, we enrolled 1,520 individuals aged 50 yr or older who had smoked 20 pack-years or more in a prospective cohort study. One year after baseline scanning, 2,244 uncalcified lung nodules were identified in 1,000 participants (66%). Twenty-five cases of lung cancer were diagnosed (22 prevalence, 3 incidence). Computed tomography alone detected 23 cases; sputum cytology alone detected 2 cases. Cell types were: squamous cell, 6; adenocarcinoma or bronchioalveolar, 15; large cell, 1; small cell, 3. Twenty-two patients underwent curative surgical resection. Seven benign nodules were resected. The mean size of the non-small cell cancers detected by computed tomography was 17 mm (median, 13 mm). The postsurgical stage was IA, 13; IB, 1; IIA, 5; IIB, 1; IIIA, 2; limited, 3. Twelve (57%) of the 21 non-small cell cancers detected by computed tomography were stage IA at diagnosis. Computed tomography can detect early-stage lung cancers. The rate of benign nodule detection is high.




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J. Gohagan, P. Marcus, R. Fagerstrom, P. Pinsky, B. Kramer, and P. Prorok
Baseline Findings of a Randomized Feasibility Trial of Lung Cancer Screening With Spiral CT Scan vs Chest Radiograph: The Lung Screening Study of the National Cancer Institute
Chest, July 1, 2004; 126(1): 114 - 121.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 RadiologyHome page
S. G. Jennings, H. T. Winer-Muram, R. D. Tarver, and M. O. Farber
Lung Tumor Growth: Assessment with CT--Comparison of Diameter and Cross-sectional Area with Volume Measurements
Radiology, June 1, 2004; 231(3): 866 - 871.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 ANN INTERN MEDHome page
L. L. Humphrey, S. Teutsch, and M. Johnson
Lung Cancer Screening with Sputum Cytologic Examination, Chest Radiography, and Computed Tomography: An Update for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
Ann Intern Med, May 4, 2004; 140(9): 740 - 753.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 ChestHome page
M. Endo, Y. Kotani, M. Satouchi, Y. Takada, T. Sakamoto, N. Tsubota, and H. Furukawa
CT Fluoroscopy-Guided Bronchoscopic Dye Marking for Resection of Small Peripheral Pulmonary Nodules
Chest, May 1, 2004; 125(5): 1747 - 1752.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 RadiologyHome page
M.-P. Revel, A. Bissery, M. Bienvenu, L. Aycard, C. Lefort, and G. Frija
Are Two-dimensional CT Measurements of Small Noncalcified Pulmonary Nodules Reliable?
Radiology, May 1, 2004; 231(2): 453 - 458.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 RadiologyHome page
M.-P. Revel, C. Lefort, A. Bissery, M. Bienvenu, L. Aycard, G. Chatellier, and G. Frija
Pulmonary Nodules: Preliminary Experience with Three-dimensional Evaluation
Radiology, May 1, 2004; 231(2): 459 - 466.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 ChestHome page
A. Miller, S. Markowitz, A. Manowitz, and J. A. Miller
Lung Cancer Screening Using Low-Dose High-Resolution CT Scanning in a High-Risk Workforce: 3,500 Nuclear Fuel Workers in Three US States
Chest, May 1, 2004; 125(5_suppl): 152S - 153S.
[Full Text] [PDF]

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 ChestHome page
G. Loewen, M. Reid, D. Tan, D. Klippenstein, E. Nava, R. Natarajan, and M. Mahoney
Bimodality Lung Cancer Screening in High-Risk Patients: A Preliminary Report
Chest, May 1, 2004; 125(5_suppl): 163S - 164S.
[Full Text] [PDF]

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 ChestHome page
D. M. Libby, J. P. Smith, N. K. Altorki, M. W. Pasmantier, D. Yankelevitz, and C. I. Henschke
Managing the Small Pulmonary Nodule Discovered by CT
Chest, April 1, 2004; 125(4): 1522 - 1529.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 ThoraxHome page
R MacRedmond, P M Logan, M Lee, D Kenny, C Foley, and R W Costello
Screening for lung cancer using low dose CT scanning
Thorax, March 1, 2004; 59(3): 237 - 241.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 RadiologyHome page
K. Awai, K. Murao, A. Ozawa, M. Komi, H. Hayakawa, S. Hori, and Y. Nishimura
Pulmonary Nodules at Chest CT: Effect of Computer-aided Diagnosis on Radiologists' Detection Performance
Radiology, February 1, 2004; 230(2): 347 - 352.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
M. Means-Markwell, R. I. Linnoila, J. Williams, P. A. Janne, F. Kaye, K. O'Neil, and B. E. Johnson
Prospective Study of the Airways and Pulmonary Parenchyma of Patients at Risk for a Second Lung Cancer
Clin. Cancer Res., December 1, 2003; 9(16): 5915 - 5921.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 JNCI J Natl Cancer InstHome page
D. Sidransky, R. Irizarry, J. A. Califano, X. Li, H. Ren, N. Benoit, and L. Mao
Serum Protein MALDI Profiling to Distinguish Upper Aerodigestive Tract Cancer Patients From Control Subjects
J Natl Cancer Inst, November 19, 2003; 95(22): 1711 - 1717.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.Home page
A. McWilliams, J. Mayo, S. MacDonald, J. C. leRiche, B. Palcic, E. Szabo, and S. Lam
Lung Cancer Screening: A Different Paradigm
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., November 15, 2003; 168(10): 1167 - 1173.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J Am Board Fam MedHome page
J. J. Fenton and R. A. Deyo
Patient Self-Referral for Radiologic Screening Tests: Clinical and Ethical Concerns
J Am Board Fam Med, November 1, 2003; 16(6): 494 - 501.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Ann. Thorac. Surg.Home page
M. Watanabe, A. Ishizaka, E. Ikeda, A. Ohashi, and K. Kobayashi
Contributions of bronchoscopic microsampling in the supplemental diagnosis of small peripheral lung carcinoma
Ann. Thorac. Surg., November 1, 2003; 76(5): 1668 - 1672.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 RadiologyHome page
J. P. Ko, H. Rusinek, E. L. Jacobs, J. S. Babb, M. Betke, G. McGuinness, and D. P. Naidich
Small Pulmonary Nodules: Volume Measurement at Chest CT--Phantom Study
Radiology, September 1, 2003; 228(3): 864 - 870.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 RadiologyHome page
J. R. Mayo, J. Aldrich, and N. L. Muller
Radiation Exposure at Chest CT: A Statement of the Fleischner Society
Radiology, July 1, 2003; 228(1): 15 - 21.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 NEJMHome page
D. Ost, A. M. Fein, and S. H. Feinsilver
The Solitary Pulmonary Nodule
N. Engl. J. Med., June 19, 2003; 348(25): 2535 - 2542.
[Full Text] [PDF]

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 Ann. Thorac. Surg.Home page
H. Kimura, N. Iwai, S. Ando, K. Kakizawa, N. Yamamoto, H. Hoshino, and T. Anayama
A prospective study of indications for mediastinoscopy in lung cancer with CT findings, tumor size, and tumor markers
Ann. Thorac. Surg., June 1, 2003; 75(6): 1734 - 1739.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Roentgenol.Home page
S. Takashima, S. Sone, F. Li, Y. Maruyama, M. Hasegawa, and M. Kadoya
Indeterminate Solitary Pulmonary Nodules Revealed at Population-Based CT Screening of the Lung: Using First Follow-Up Diagnostic CT to Differentiate Benign and Malignant Lesions
Am. J. Roentgenol., May 1, 2003; 180(5): 1255 - 1263.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 JNCI J Natl Cancer InstHome page
P. B. Bach, M. W. Kattan, M. D. Thornquist, M. G. Kris, R. C. Tate, M. J. Barnett, L. J. Hsieh, and C. B. Begg
Variations in Lung Cancer Risk Among Smokers
J Natl Cancer Inst, March 19, 2003; 95(6): 470 - 478.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 ChestHome page
J. M. Reich
Lung Cancer Screening: Contumacy vs Mendacity
Chest, March 1, 2003; 123(3): 963 - 964.
[Full Text] [PDF]

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 CA Cancer J ClinHome page
L. G. Ford, L. M. Minasian, W. McCaskill-Stevens, E. D. Pisano, D. Sullivan, and R. A. Smith
Prevention and Early Detection Clinical Trials: Opportunities for Primary Care Providers and Their Patients
CA Cancer J Clin, March 1, 2003; 53(2): 82 - 101.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 RadiologyHome page
S. J. Swensen, J. R. Jett, T. E. Hartman, D. E. Midthun, J. A. Sloan, A.-M. Sykes, G. L. Aughenbaugh, and M. A. Clemens
Lung Cancer Screening with CT: Mayo Clinic Experience
Radiology, March 1, 2003; 226(3): 756 - 761.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.Home page
M. J. Tobin
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Pollution, Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Transplantation, Pleural Disease, and Lung Cancer in AJRCCM 2002
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., February 1, 2003; 167(3): 356 - 370.
[Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.Home page
K.-c. Chang and C.-c. Leung
Computed tomography is reasonably reliable for screening lung cancer
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., February 1, 2003; 167(3): 473 - 473.
[Full Text] [PDF]

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 JAMAHome page
P. J. Mahadevia, L. A. Fleisher, K. D. Frick, J. Eng, S. N. Goodman, and N. R. Powe
Lung Cancer Screening With Helical Computed Tomography in Older Adult Smokers: A Decision and Cost-effectiveness Analysis
JAMA, January 15, 2003; 289(3): 313 - 322.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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