Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.,
Volume 159, Number 5, May 1999, 1518-1526
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20 mm Hg, Group I). They did not differ from patients without PH (Group II) in
lung function, severity of sleep-disordered breathing, age, or body mass. Compared with Group II,
Group I patients had increased small airways closure during tidal breathing (FRC-closing capacity: Group I, 
0.16 ± 0.11; Group II, 0.27 ± 0.09 L; p < 0.05), more ventilation-perfusion inequality
(AaPO2: 23.8 ± 2.8; 19.8 ± 1.4 mm Hg; p = 0.08), a greater pulmonary artery pressor response to hypoxia (
Ppa FIO2, 0.50 to 0.11: 16.4 ± 1.93; 6.4 ± 0.77 mm Hg; p < 0.05) and a marked rise in Ppa during increased pulmonary blood flow. We conclude that PH may develop in some patients with OSA
without lung disease and that it is associated with small airways closure during tidal breathing and
heightened pulmonary pressor responses to hypoxia and during increased pulmonary blood flow.
Such changes are consistent with remodeling of the pulmonary vascular bed in affected patients with
OSA, seemingly unrelated to severity of sleep-disordered breathing.
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  V. K. Somers, D. P. White, R. Amin, W. T. Abraham, F. Costa, A. Culebras, S. Daniels, J. S. Floras, C. E. Hunt, L. J. Olson, et al. Sleep Apnea and Cardiovascular Disease: An American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Foundation Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Council for High Blood Pressure Research Professional Education Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke Council, and Council on Cardiovascular Nursing In Collaboration With the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute National Center on Sleep Disorders Research (National Institutes of Health) Circulation, September 2, 2008; 118(10): 1080 - 1111. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 V. K. Somers, D. P. White, R. Amin, W. T. Abraham, F. Costa, A. Culebras, S. Daniels, J. S. Floras, C. E. Hunt, L. J. Olson, et al. Sleep Apnea and Cardiovascular Disease: An American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Foundation Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Council for High Blood Pressure Research Professional Education Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke Council, and Council on Cardiovascular Nursing In Collaboration With the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute National Center on Sleep Disorders Research (National Institutes of Health) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 19, 2008; 52(8): 686 - 717. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. Chaouat, A.-S. Bugnet, N. Kadaoui, R. Schott, I. Enache, A. Ducolone, M. Ehrhart, R. Kessler, and E. Weitzenblum Severe Pulmonary Hypertension and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., July 15, 2005; 172(2): 189 - 194. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C F Ryan Sleep {middle dot} 9: An approach to treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome including upper airway surgery Thorax, July 1, 2005; 60(7): 595 - 604. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Barnes, R. D. McEvoy, S. Banks, N. Tarquinio, C. G. Murray, N. Vowles, and R. J. Pierce Efficacy of Positive Airway Pressure and Oral Appliance in Mild to Moderate Obstructive Sleep Apnea Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., September 15, 2004; 170(6): 656 - 664. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. W. Atwood Jr, D. McCrory, J. G. N. Garcia, S. H. Abman, and G. S. Ahearn Pulmonary Artery Hypertension and Sleep-Disordered Breathing: ACCP Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines Chest, July 1, 2004; 126(1_suppl): 72S - 77S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. P. Blankfield, D. Sajkov, and R. D. McEvoy Continuous positive airway pressure normalizes pulmonary artery pressures in subjects with obstructive sleep apnea and pulmonary hypertension Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., January 1, 2003; 167(1): 94 - 94. [Full Text]
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A. Malhotra, Y. Huang, R. B. Fogel, G. Pillar, J. K. Edwards, R. Kikinis, S. H. Loring, and D. P. White The Male Predisposition to Pharyngeal Collapse: Importance of Airway Length Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., November 15, 2002; 166(10): 1388 - 1395. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. P. Blankfield Clinical Correlates of Pulmonary Artery Systolic Pressure Circulation, August 13, 2002; 106 (7): e34 - e34. [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. SAJKOV, T. WANG, N. A. SAUNDERS, A. J. BUNE, and R. DOUGLAS MCEVOY Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Treatment Improves Pulmonary Hemodynamics in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., January 15, 2002; 165(2): 152 - 158. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 E. Weitzenblum and A. Chaouat Hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in man: what minimum daily duration of hypoxaemia is required? Eur. Respir. J., August 1, 2001; 18(2): 251 - 253. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 K. A. Fagan Physiological and Genomic Consequences of Intermittent Hypoxia: Selected Contribution: Pulmonary hypertension in mice following intermittent hypoxia J Appl Physiol, June 1, 2001; 90(6): 2502 - 2507. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E Bady, A Achkar, S Pascal, E Orvoen-Frija, and J-P Laaban Pulmonary arterial hypertension in patients with sleep apnoea syndrome Thorax, November 1, 2000; 55(11): 934 - 939. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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 R. P. Blankfield, D. W. Hudgel, A. A. Tapolyai, and S. J. Zyzanski Bilateral Leg Edema, Obesity, Pulmonary Hypertension, and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Arch Intern Med, August 14, 2000; 160(15): 2357 - 2362. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. W. DUCHNA, C. GUILLEMINAULT, R. A. STOOHS, J. L. FAUL, H. MORENO, B. B. HOFFMAN, and T. F. BLASCHKE Vascular Reactivity in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., January 1, 2000; 161(1): 187 - 191. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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