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Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., Volume 159, Number 1, January 1999, 179-187

Spirometric Reference Values from a Sample of the General U.S. Population

JOHN L. HANKINSON, JOHN R. ODENCRANTZ, and KATHLEEN B. FEDAN

Division of Respiratory Disease Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia

Spirometric reference values for Caucasians, African-Americans, and Mexican-Americans 8 to 80 yr of age were developed from 7,429 asymptomatic, lifelong nonsmoking participants in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Spirometry examinations followed the 1987 American Thoracic Society recommendations, and the quality of the data was continuously monitored and maintained. Caucasian subjects had higher mean FVC and FEV1 values than did Mexican-American and African-American subjects across the entire age range. However, Caucasian and Mexican-American subjects had similar FVC and FEV1 values with respect to height, and African-American subjects had lower values. These differences may be partially due to differences in body build: observed Mexican-Americans were shorter than Caucasian subjects of the same age, and African-Americans on average have a smaller trunk:leg ratio than do Caucasians. Reference values and lower limits of normal were derived using a piecewise polynomial model with age and height as predictors. These reference values encompass a wide age range for three race/ethnic groups and should prove useful for diagnostic and research purposes.




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 Ther Adv Respir DisHome page
K. M. Kunisaki, K. L. Rice, E. N. Janoff, T. S. Rector, and D. E. Niewoehner
Exhaled nitric oxide, systemic inflammation, and the spirometric response to inhaled fluticasone propionate in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A prospective study
Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease, April 1, 2008; 2(2): 55 - 64.
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 Ann. Thorac. Surg.Home page
D. P. Mason, J. Rajeswaran, S. C. Murthy, A. M. McNeill, M. M. Budev, A. C. Mehta, G. B. Pettersson, and E. H. Blackstone
Spirometry After Transplantation: How Much Better Are Two Lungs Than One?
Ann. Thorac. Surg., April 1, 2008; 85(4): 1193 - 1201.
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 Eur Respir JHome page
S. P. Kuster, D. Kuster, C. Schindler, M. K. Rochat, J. Braun, L. Held, and O. Brandli
Reference equations for lung function screening of healthy never-smoking adults aged 18-80 years
Eur. Respir. J., April 1, 2008; 31(4): 860 - 868.
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 Diabetes CareHome page
C. C.W. Hsia and P. Raskin
Lung Involvement in Diabetes: Does it matter?
Diabetes Care, April 1, 2008; 31(4): 828 - 829.
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 ChestHome page
P. T. Kelly, M. P. Swanney, L. M. Seccombe, C. Frampton, M. J. Peters, and L. Beckert
Air Travel Hypoxemia vs the Hypoxia Inhalation Test in Passengers With COPD
Chest, April 1, 2008; 133(4): 920 - 926.
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 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.Home page
K. L. Stolzmann, D. R. Gagnon, R. Brown, C. G. Tun, and E. Garshick
Longitudinal Change in FEV1 and FVC in Chronic Spinal Cord Injury
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., April 1, 2008; 177(7): 781 - 786.
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G. I. Banauch, G. Izbicki, V. Christodoulou, M. D. Weiden, M. P. Webber, H. Cohen, J. Gustave, R. Chavko, T. K. Aldrich, K. J. Kelly, et al.
Trial of Prophylactic Inhaled Steroids to Prevent or Reduce Pulmonary Function Decline, Pulmonary Symptoms, and Airway Hyperreactivity in Firefighters at the World Trade Center Site
Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness, March 1, 2008; 2(1): 33 - 39.
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 Eur Respir JHome page
P. Degens and R. Merget
Reference values for spirometry of the European Coal and Steel Community: time for change
Eur. Respir. J., March 1, 2008; 31(3): 687 - 688.
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 J Pediatr PsycholHome page
J. Sales, R. Fivush, and G. W. Teague
The Role of Parental Coping in Children with Asthma's Psychological Well-being and Asthma-related Quality of Life
J. Pediatr. Psychol., March 1, 2008; 33(2): 208 - 219.
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 ChestHome page
D. A. Zisman, A. S. Karlamangla, S. M. Kawut, O. A. Shlobin, R. Saggar, D. J. Ross, M. I. Schwarz, J. A. Belperio, A. Ardehali, J. P. Lynch III, et al.
Validation of a Method To Screen for Pulmonary Hypertension in Advanced Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Chest, March 1, 2008; 133(3): 640 - 645.
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 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.Home page
J. M. Brehm and J. C. Celedon
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Hispanics
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., March 1, 2008; 177(5): 473 - 478.
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 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.Home page
D. J. Lederer, E. K. T. Benn, R. G. Barr, J. S. Wilt, G. Reilly, J. R. Sonett, S. M. Arcasoy, and S. M. Kawut
Racial Differences in Waiting List Outcomes in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., February 15, 2008; 177(4): 450 - 454.
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 Eur Respir JHome page
J. Vandevoorde, S. Verbanck, D. Schuermans, L. Broekaert, D. Devroey, J. Kartounian, and W. Vincken
Forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in six seconds as predictors of reduced total lung capacity
Eur. Respir. J., February 1, 2008; 31(2): 391 - 395.
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 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
R. L. Sorkness, E. R. Bleecker, W. W. Busse, W. J. Calhoun, M. Castro, K. F. Chung, D. Curran-Everett, S. C. Erzurum, B. M. Gaston, E. Israel, et al.
Lung function in adults with stable but severe asthma: air trapping and incomplete reversal of obstruction with bronchodilation
J Appl Physiol, February 1, 2008; 104(2): 394 - 403.
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 QJMHome page
C.J.P. Smith, J. Gribbin, K.B. Challen, and R.B. Hubbard
The impact of the 2004 NICE guideline and 2003 General Medical Services contract on COPD in primary care in the UK
QJM, February 1, 2008; 101(2): 145 - 153.
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 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.Home page
S. Stanojevic, A. Wade, J. Stocks, J. Hankinson, A. L. Coates, H. Pan, M. Rosenthal, M. Corey, P. Lebecque, and T. J. Cole
Reference Ranges for Spirometry Across All Ages: A New Approach
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., February 1, 2008; 177(3): 253 - 260.
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D. A. Kaminsky, C. G. Irvin, L. K. A. Lundblad, J. Thompson-Figueroa, J. Klein, M. J. Sullivan, F. Flynn, S. Lang, L. Bourassa, S. Burns, et al.
Heterogeneity of bronchoconstriction does not distinguish mild asthmatic subjects from healthy controls when supine
J Appl Physiol, January 1, 2008; 104(1): 10 - 19.
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 ChestHome page
R. E. Walter, J. B. Wilk, M. G. Larson, R. S. Vasan, J. F. Keaney Jr, I. Lipinska, G. T. O'Connor, and E. J. Benjamin
Systemic Inflammation and COPD: The Framingham Heart Study
Chest, January 1, 2008; 133(1): 19 - 25.
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 ChestHome page
A. C.-W. Lau, M. S.-M. Ip, C. K.-W. Lai, K.-L. Choo, K.-S. Tang, L. Y.-C. Yam, and M. Chan-Yeung
Variability of the Prevalence of Undiagnosed Airflow Obstruction in Smokers Using Different Diagnostic Criteria
Chest, January 1, 2008; 133(1): 42 - 48.
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 ChestHome page
N. P. Ly, M. E. Soto-Quiros, L. Avila, G. M. Hunninghake, B. A. Raby, D. Laskey, J. S. Sylvia, and J. C. Celedon
Paternal Asthma, Mold Exposure, and Increased Airway Responsiveness Among Children With Asthma in Costa Rica
Chest, January 1, 2008; 133(1): 107 - 114.
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A. J Rovner, V. A Stallings, J. I Schall, M. B Leonard, and B. S Zemel
Vitamin D insufficiency in children, adolescents, and young adults with cystic fibrosis despite routine oral supplementation
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, December 1, 2007; 86(6): 1694 - 1699.
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 Proc Am Thorac SocHome page
S. M. Kennedy, R. Chambers, W. Du, and H. Dimich-Ward
Environmental and Occupational Exposures: Do They Affect Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Differently in Women and Men?
Proceedings of the ATS, December 1, 2007; 4(8): 692 - 694.
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 ChestHome page
G. Zhai, A. M. Valdes, L. Cherkas, G. Clement, D. Strachan, and T. D. Spector
The Interaction of Genes and Smoking on Forced Expiratory Volume: A Classic Twin Study
Chest, December 1, 2007; 132(6): 1772 - 1777.
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 ChestHome page
M. J. Hegewald and R. O. Crapo
Socioeconomic Status and Lung Function
Chest, November 1, 2007; 132(5): 1608 - 1614.
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 ChestHome page
R. P. Benzo, S. Paramesh, S. A. Patel, W. A. Slivka, and F. C. Sciurba
Optimal Protocol Selection for Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Severe COPD
Chest, November 1, 2007; 132(5): 1500 - 1505.
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 ChestHome page
R. A. Wise, J. G. Teeter, R. L. Jensen, R. D. England, P. F. Schwartz, D. R. Giles, R. C. Ahrens, N. R. MacIntyre, R. J. Riese, and R. O. Crapo
Standardization of the Single-Breath Diffusing Capacity in a Multicenter Clinical Trial
Chest, October 1, 2007; 132(4): 1191 - 1197.
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 Eur Respir JHome page
K. Hill, S. C. Jenkins, D. L. Philippe, K. L. Shepherd, D. R. Hillman, and P. R. Eastwood
Comparison of incremental and constant load tests of inspiratory muscle endurance in COPD
Eur. Respir. J., September 1, 2007; 30(3): 479 - 486.
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 ChestHome page
H. Allayee, J. Hartiala, W. Lee, M. Mehrabian, C. G. Irvin, D. V. Conti, and J. J. Lima
The Effect of Montelukast and Low-Dose Theophylline on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Asthmatics
Chest, September 1, 2007; 132(3): 868 - 874.
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 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.Home page
B. Lamprecht, L. Schirnhofer, F. Tiefenbacher, B. Kaiser, S. A. Buist, M. Studnicka, and P. Enright
Six-Second Spirometry for Detection of Airway Obstruction: A Population-based Study in Austria
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., September 1, 2007; 176(5): 460 - 464.
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