Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., Volume 157, Number 3, March 1998, 736-742

Delayed Diaphragm Injury and Diaphragm Force Production

TIAN-XI JIANG, W. DARLENE REID, and JEREMY D. ROAD

Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

The present study was designed to examine the effect of delayed diaphragm injury produced by inspiratory resistive loading (IRL) on diaphragm force production. On Day 1, three groups of anesthetized and intubated NZW rabbits (n = 7 in each group) were subjected to moderate IRL (Pao ~ 30 cm H₂O), high IRL (Pao ~ 45 cm H₂O), or no load for 1.5 h. On Day 3, the baseline twitch transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) and Pdi at 10 to 80 Hz were measured during bilateral phrenic stimulation and these measurements were repeated after another IRL (high level) in all three groups. Diaphragm injury was assessed by the point-counting technique. Marked diaphragm injury was observed in the high-IRL group (p < 0.01), but no significant diaphragm injury was observed in the moderate-IRL or control groups. The baseline twitch Pdi was maintained in both IRL groups, whereas the baseline Pdi- frequency values in the high-IRL group were significantly reduced at most frequencies (p < 0.05). The decreases in twitch and Pdi at different frequencies were more pronounced after the IRL on Day 3 in the high-IRL group compared with controls. Moderate IRL did not decrease diaphragm force either before or after the high IRL on Day 3. We conclude that the diaphragm injury induced by high IRL has a significant impact on diaphragm force production and the attendant force loss produced by IRL is dependent on the intensity of inspiratory loading.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				T. Vassilakopoulos and S. N. A. Hussain Ventilatory muscle activation and inflammation: cytokines, reactive oxygen species, and nitric oxide J Appl Physiol, April 1, 2007; 102(4): 1687 - 1695. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				X. Wang, T-X. Jiang, J. D. Road, D. M. Redenbach, and W. D. Reid Granulocytosis and increased adhesion molecules after resistive loading of the diaphragm Eur. Respir. J., November 1, 2005; 26(5): 786 - 794. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. N. Mehiri, E. Barreiro, M. Hayot, M. Voyer, A. S. Comtois, A. E. Grassino, and G. Czaika Time-based gene expression programme following diaphragm injury in a rat model Eur. Respir. J., March 1, 2005; 25(3): 422 - 430. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Vassilakopoulos, C. Roussos, and S. Zakynthinos The immune response to resistive breathing Eur. Respir. J., December 1, 2004; 24(6): 1033 - 1043. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Vassilakopoulos, M. Divangahi, G. Rallis, O. Kishta, B. Petrof, A. Comtois, and S. N. A. Hussain Differential Cytokine Gene Expression in the Diaphragm in Response to Strenuous Resistive Breathing Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., July 15, 2004; 170(2): 154 - 161. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. A. Simpson, J. Van Eyk, and S. Iscoe Respiratory muscle injury, fatigue and serum skeletal troponin I in rat J. Physiol., February 1, 2004; 554(3): 891 - 903. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Road, T.-X. Jiang, W. D. Reid, F. Laghi, and M. J. Tobin Weaning Failure, Muscle Injury, and Fatigue Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., December 15, 2003; 168(12): 1539 - 1540. [Full Text]

				C. Roussos and A. Koutsoukou Respiratory failure Eur. Respir. J., November 16, 2003; 22(47_suppl): 3s - 14s. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. Laghi and M. J. Tobin Disorders of the Respiratory Muscles Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., July 1, 2003; 168(1): 10 - 48. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. Laghi, S. E. Cattapan, A. Jubran, S. Parthasarathy, P. Warshawsky, Y.-S. A. Choi, and M. J. Tobin Is Weaning Failure Caused by Low-Frequency Fatigue of the Diaphragm? Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., January 15, 2003; 167(2): 120 - 127. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. EBIHARA, S. N. A. HUSSAIN, G. DANIALOU, W.-K. CHO, S. B. GOTTFRIED, and B. J. PETROF Mechanical Ventilation Protects against Diaphragm Injury in Sepsis . Interaction of Oxidative and Mechanical Stresses Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., January 15, 2002; 165(2): 221 - 228. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. OROZCO-LEVI, J. LLORETA, J. MINGUELLA, S. SERRANO, J. M. BROQUETAS, and J. GEA Injury of the Human Diaphragm Associated with Exertion and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., November 1, 2001; 164(9): 1734 - 1739. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T.-X. JIANG, W. DARLENE REID, and J. D. ROAD Free Radical Scavengers and Diaphragm Injury Following Inspiratory Resistive Loading Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., October 1, 2001; 164(7): 1288 - 1294. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Hayot, E. Barreiro, A. Perez, G. Czaika, A. S. Comtois, and A. E. Grassino Morphological and functional recovery from diaphragm injury: an in vivo rat diaphragm injury model J Appl Physiol, June 1, 2001; 90(6): 2269 - 2278. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. A. MACGOWAN, K. G. EVANS, J. D. ROAD, and W. D. REID Diaphragm Injury in Individuals with Airflow Obstruction Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., June 1, 2001; 163(7): 1654 - 1659. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				W. D. REID and A. N. BELCASTRO Time Course of Diaphragm Injury and Calpain Activity During Resistive Loading Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., November 1, 2000; 162(5): 1801 - 1806. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				T. Vassilakopoulos, S. Zakynthinos, and C. Roussos Strenuous resistive breathing induces proinflammatory cytokines and stimulates the HPA axis in humans Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, October 1, 1999; 277(4): R1013 - R1019. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]