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Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., Volume 156, Number 6, December 1997, 1752-1759

Airway Smooth Muscle, Tidal Stretches, and Dynamically Determined Contractile States

JEFFREY J. FREDBERG, DAVID INOUYE, BRETT MILLER, MADHAVI NATHAN, SAMAH JAFARI, SOUFIA HELIOUI RABOUDI, JAMES P. BUTLER, and STEPHANIE A. SHORE

Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts

In the classic theory of airway lumen narrowing in asthma, active force in airway smooth muscle is presumed to be in static mechanical equilibrium with the external load against which the muscle has shortened. This theory is useful because it identifies the static equilibrium length toward which activated airway smooth muscle would tend if given enough time. The corresponding state toward which myosin-actin interactions would tend is called the latch state. But are the concepts of a static mechanical equilibrium and the latch state applicable in the setting of tidal loading, as occurs during breathing? To address this question, we have studied isolated, maximally contracted bovine tracheal smooth muscle subjected to tidal stretches imposed at 0.33 Hz. We measured the active force (F) and stiffness (E), which reflect numbers of actin-myosin interactions, and hysteresivity (eta ), which reflects the rate of turnover of those interactions. When the amplitude of imposed tidal stretch (epsilon ) was very small, 0.25% of muscle optimal length, the steady-state value of F approximated the isometric force, E was large, and eta  was small. When epsilon  was increased beyond 1%, however, F and E promptly decreased and eta  promptly increased. The muscle could be maintained in these steady, dynamically determined contractile states for as long as the tidal stretches were sustained; when epsilon  subsequently decreased back to 0.25%, F, E, and eta  returned slowly toward their previous values. The provocative stretch amplitude required to cause active force or muscle stiffness to fall by half, or hysteresivity to double, was slightly greater than 2%. These observations are consistent with a direct effect of stretch upon bridge dynamics in which, with increasing tidal stretch amplitude, the number of actin-myosin interactions decreases and their rate of turnover increases. We conclude that the interactions of myosin with actin are at every instant tending toward those that would prevail in the isometric steady state, but tidal changes of muscle length cause an excess in the rate of detachment. These stretch-induced detachment events can come so fast compared with the rate of attachment that static equilibrium conditions are never attained. If so, then airway lumenal narrowing and the underlying contractile state would be governed by a dynamic mechanical process rather than by a mechanical equilibrium of static forces.




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A. E. Bharucha, R. D. Hubmayr, I. J. Ferber, and A. R. Zinsmeister
Viscoelastic properties of the human colon
Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, August 1, 2001; 281(2): G459 - G466.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.Home page
K. R. LUTCHEN, A. JENSEN, H. ATILEH, D. W. KACZKA, E. ISRAEL, B. SUKI, and E. P. INGENITO
Airway Constriction Pattern Is a Central Component of Asthma Severity . The Role of Deep Inspirations
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., July 15, 2001; 164(2): 207 - 215.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Arch Intern MedHome page
S. Y. N. Young, J. D. Gunzenhauser, K. E. Malone, and A. McTiernan
Body Mass Index and Asthma in the Military Population of the Northwestern United States
Arch Intern Med, July 9, 2001; 161(13): 1605 - 1611.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
E. H. Oldmixon, K. Carlsson, C. Kuhn III, J. P. Butler, and F. G. Hoppin Jr.
{alpha}-Actin: disposition, quantities, and estimated effects on lung recoil and compliance
J Appl Physiol, July 1, 2001; 91(1): 459 - 473.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
A. Jensen, H. Atileh, B. Suki, E. P. Ingenito, and K. R. Lutchen
Signal Transduction in Smooth Muscle: Selected Contribution: Airway caliber in healthy and asthmatic subjects: effects of bronchial challenge and deep inspirations
J Appl Physiol, July 1, 2001; 91(1): 506 - 515.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
A. Gump, L. Haughney, and J. Fredberg
Relaxation of activated airway smooth muscle: relative potency of isoproterenol vs. tidal stretch
J Appl Physiol, June 1, 2001; 90(6): 2306 - 2310.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
F. R. Shardonofsky, T. M. Officer, A. M. Boriek, and J. R. Rodarte
Effects of smooth muscle activation on axial mechanical properties of excised canine bronchi
J Appl Physiol, April 1, 2001; 90(4): 1258 - 1266.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.Home page
R. H. BROWN, N. SCICHILONE, B. MUDGE, F. B. DIEMER, S. PERMUTT, and A. TOGIAS
High-Resolution Computed Tomographic Evaluation of Airway Distensibility and the Effects of Lung Inflation on Airway Caliber in Healthy Subjects and Individuals with Asthma
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., March 15, 2001; 163(4): 994 - 1001.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
A. Baydur, R. H. Adkins, and J. Milic-Emili
Lung mechanics in individuals with spinal cord injury: effects of injury level and posture
J Appl Physiol, February 1, 2001; 90(2): 405 - 411.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
S. J. Gunst and M.-F. Wu
Plasticity in Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth Muscle: Selected Contribution: Plasticity of airway smooth muscle stiffness and extensibility: role of length-adaptive mechanisms
J Appl Physiol, February 1, 2001; 90(2): 741 - 749.
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Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.Home page
N. SCICHILONE, S. PERMUTT, and A. TOGIAS
The Lack of the Bronchoprotective and Not the Bronchodilatory Ability of Deep Inspiration Is Associated with Airway Hyperresponsiveness
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., February 1, 2001; 163(2): 413 - 419.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.Home page
R. H. BROWN and W. MITZNER
Delayed Distension of Contracted Airways with Lung Inflation In Vivo
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., December 1, 2000; 162(6): 2113 - 2116.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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ChestHome page
K. Hakala, B. Stenius-Aarniala, and A. Sovijarvi
Effects of Weight Loss on Peak Flow Variability, Airways Obstruction, and Lung Volumes in Obese Patients With Asthma
Chest, November 1, 2000; 118(5): 1315 - 1321.
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J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
G. N. Maksym, B. Fabry, J. P. Butler, D. Navajas, D. J. Tschumperlin, J. D. Laporte, and J. J. Fredberg
Mechanical properties of cultured human airway smooth muscle cells from 0.05 to 0.4 Hz
J Appl Physiol, October 1, 2000; 89(4): 1619 - 1632.
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Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.Home page
N. SCICHILONE, T. KAPSALI, S. PERMUTT, and A. TOGIAS
Deep Inspiration-induced Bronchoprotection Is Stronger than Bronchodilation
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., September 1, 2000; 162(3): 910 - 916.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
T. Kapsali, S. Permutt, B. Laube, N. Scichilone, and A. Togias
Potent bronchoprotective effect of deep inspiration and its absence in asthma
J Appl Physiol, August 1, 2000; 89(2): 711 - 720.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
L. Wang, P. D. Pare, and C. Y. Seow
Effects of length oscillation on the subsequent force development in swine tracheal smooth muscle
J Appl Physiol, June 1, 2000; 88(6): 2246 - 2250.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.Home page
W. MITZNER and R. H. BROWN
Potential Mechanism of Hyperresponsive Airways
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., May 1, 2000; 161(5): 1619 - 1623.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol.Home page
W.-L. Chan, J. Silberstein, and C.-M. Hai
Mechanical strain memory in airway smooth muscle
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, May 1, 2000; 278(5): C895 - C904.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
M. Milanese, C. Mondino, M. Tosca, G. W. Canonica, and V. Brusasco
Modulation of airway caliber by deep inhalation in children
J Appl Physiol, April 1, 2000; 88(4): 1259 - 1264.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.Home page
J. J. FREDBERG
Airway Smooth Muscle in Asthma . Perturbed Equilibria of Myosin Binding
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., March 1, 2000; 161(3): S158 - 160.
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Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.Home page
C.-L. QUE, G. MAKSYM, and P. T. MACKLEM
Deciphering the Homeokinetic Code of Airway Smooth Muscle
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., March 1, 2000; 161(3): S161 - 163.
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Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.Home page
C. G. IRVIN, J. PAK, and R. J. MARTIN
Airway-Parenchyma Uncoupling in Nocturnal Asthma
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., January 1, 2000; 161(1): 50 - 56.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
O. E. Suman, K. C. Beck, M. A. Babcock, D. F. Pegelow, and W. G. Reddan
Airway obstruction during exercise and isocapnic hyperventilation in asthmatic subjects
J Appl Physiol, September 1, 1999; 87(3): 1107 - 1113.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
H. L. Gillis and K. R. Lutchen
Airway remodeling in asthma amplifies heterogeneities in smooth muscle shortening causing hyperresponsiveness
J Appl Physiol, June 1, 1999; 86(6): 2001 - 2012.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.Home page
J. J. FREDBERG, D. S. INOUYE, S. M. MIJAILOVICH, and J. P. BUTLER
Perturbed Equilibrium of Myosin Binding in Airway Smooth Muscle and Its Implications in Bronchospasm
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., March 1, 1999; 159(3): 959 - 967.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
R. A. Meiss
Influence of intercellular tissue connections on airway muscle mechanics
J Appl Physiol, January 1, 1999; 86(1): 5 - 15.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]




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