VM Keatings, PD Collins, DM Scott and PJ Barnes
Department of Thoracic Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, United Kingdom.

Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are characterized by chronic airway inflammation. Studies using bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) have shown an increased proportion of eosinophils in the BAL fluid from asthmatics compared with that from normal subjects, whereas studies of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have shown increased numbers of neutrophils. Induced sputum allows sampling of respiratory tract secretions from patients and control subjects, providing a noninvasive method of studying airway secretions and allowing characterization of cells and measurement of soluble markers. We investigated whether induced sputum was a useful method of studying airway fluid from patients with moderate to severe COPD and whether it could be used to compare inflammation in this condition with that in asthma. An initial reproducibility study was undertaken. Sputum was induced twice in 13 patients with severe COPD at a 14-d interval. Total and differential cell counts were carried out and were found to be reproducible over this period. Sputum was then induced in 14 patients with COPD, 23 patients with asthma, 12 healthy cigarette smokers, and 16 normal nonsmoking control subjects. We found a significant increase in neutrophils and increased concentrations of tumor necrosis factor- alpha (TNF alpha) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) in the patients with COPD compared with the smoking and nonsmoking control subjects. Interleukin- 8, but not TNF alpha, was significantly higher in the COPD group than in the asthmatic group. We conclude that the cytokines TNF alpha and IL- 8 may be involved in the inflammation in COPD.

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				R. Buhl and S. G. Farmer Future Directions in the Pharmacologic Therapy of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Proceedings of the ATS, April 1, 2005; 2(1): 83 - 93. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. I. Rennard Clinical Approach to Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Cardiovascular Disease Proceedings of the ATS, April 1, 2005; 2(1): 94 - 100. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E M Drost, K M Skwarski, J Sauleda, N Soler, J Roca, A Agusti, and W MacNee Oxidative stress and airway inflammation in severe exacerbations of COPD Thorax, April 1, 2005; 60(4): 293 - 300. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. S. Stevenson, K. Coote, R. Webster, H. Johnston, H. C. Atherton, A. Nicholls, J. Giddings, R. Sugar, A. Jackson, N. J. Press, et al. Characterization of cigarette smoke-induced inflammatory and mucus hypersecretory changes in rat lung and the role of CXCR2 ligands in mediating this effect Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, March 1, 2005; 288(3): L514 - L522. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M A Dentener, J H J Vernooy, S Hendriks, and E F M Wouters Enhanced levels of hyaluronan in lungs of patients with COPD: relationship with lung function and local inflammation Thorax, February 1, 2005; 60(2): 114 - 119. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Linden, M. Laan, and G. P. Anderson Neutrophils, interleukin-17A and lung disease Eur. Respir. J., January 1, 2005; 25(1): 159 - 172. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Dolovich and R. Labiris Imaging Drug Delivery and Drug Responses in the Lung Proceedings of the ATS, December 1, 2004; 1(4): 329 - 337. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. H. J. Vernooy, J. H. N. Lindeman, J. A. Jacobs, R. Hanemaaijer, and E. F. M. Wouters Increased Activity of Matrix Metalloproteinase-8 and Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 in Induced Sputum From Patients With COPD Chest, December 1, 2004; 126(6): 1802 - 1810. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. A. Thomas, R. H. Green, C. E. Brightling, S. S. Birring, D. Parker, A. J. Wardlaw, and I. D. Pavord The Influence of Age on Induced Sputum Differential Cell Counts in Normal Subjects Chest, December 1, 2004; 126(6): 1811 - 1814. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. J. Barnes Mediators of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Pharmacol. Rev., December 1, 2004; 56(4): 515 - 548. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N.C. Thomson, R. Chaudhuri, and E. Livingston Asthma and cigarette smoking Eur. Respir. J., November 1, 2004; 24(5): 822 - 833. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. K. Jeffery Remodeling and Inflammation of Bronchi in Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Proceedings of the ATS, November 1, 2004; 1(3): 176 - 183. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. G. Belvisi Regulation of Inflammatory Cell Function by Corticosteroids Proceedings of the ATS, November 1, 2004; 1(3): 207 - 214. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Goto, H. Ishii, J. C. Hogg, C.-H. Shih, K. Yatera, R. Vincent, and S. F. van Eeden Particulate Matter Air Pollution Stimulates Monocyte Release from the Bone Marrow Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., October 15, 2004; 170(8): 891 - 897. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R A O'Donnell, C Peebles, J A Ward, A Daraker, G Angco, P Broberg, S Pierrou, J Lund, S T Holgate, D E Davies, et al. Relationship between peripheral airway dysfunction, airway obstruction, and neutrophilic inflammation in COPD Thorax, October 1, 2004; 59(10): 837 - 842. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. D. Le Cras, W. D. Hardie, G. H. Deutsch, K. H. Albertine, M. Ikegami, J. A. Whitsett, and T. R. Korfhagen Transient induction of TGF-{alpha} disrupts lung morphogenesis, causing pulmonary disease in adulthood Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, October 1, 2004; 287(4): L718 - L729. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Cummings, Y. Zhao, D. Jacoby, E. W. Spannhake, M. Ohba, J. G. N. Garcia, T. Watkins, D. He, B. Saatian, and V. Natarajan Protein Kinase C{delta} Mediates Lysophosphatidic Acid-induced NF-{kappa}B Activation and Interleukin-8 Secretion in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells J. Biol. Chem., September 24, 2004; 279(39): 41085 - 41094. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. G. Cosio, L. Tsaprouni, K. Ito, E. Jazrawi, I. M. Adcock, and P. J. Barnes Theophylline Restores Histone Deacetylase Activity and Steroid Responses in COPD Macrophages J. Exp. Med., September 7, 2004; 200(5): 689 - 695. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]