Particles, SOx, and acid aerosols are a complex group of distinct pollutants that have common sources and usually covary in concentration. During the past two decades, the chemical characteristics and the geographic distribution of sulfur oxide and particulate pollution have been altered by control strategies, specifically taller stacks for power plants, put in place in response to air pollution regulations adopted in the early 1970s. While the increasing stack heights have lowered local ambient levels, the residence time of SOx and particles in the air have been increased, thereby promoting transformation to various particulate sulfate compounds, including acidic sulfates. These sulfate particles constitute a large fraction of the total mass of smaller particles (< 3 microns in aerodynamic diameter). Epidemiologic studies have consistently provided evidence of adverse health effects of these air pollutants. Particulate and SO2 pollution were strongly implicated in the acute morbidity and mortality associated with the severe pollution episodes in Donora (Pennsylvania), London, and New York in the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s. There is new evidence that even current ambient levels of PM10 (30 to 150 micrograms/m3) are associated with increases in daily cardiorespiratory mortality and in total mortality, excluding accidental and suicide deaths. These associations have been shown in many different communities, as widely different in particle composition and climate as Philadelphia, St. Louis, Utah Valley, and Santa Clara County, California. It has recently been shown in a long-term prospective study of adults in the United States that chronic levels of higher PM10 pollution are associated with increased mortality after adjusting for several individual risk factors. Daily fluctuations in PM10 levels have also been shown to be related to acute respiratory hospital admissions in children, to school and kindergarten absences, to decrements in peak flow rates in normal children, and to increased medication use in children and adults with asthma. Although some epidemiologic studies suggest that acid aerosols are an important toxic component of PM10, other studies do not support this hypothesis. Dockery and Pope (408) recently reviewed the epidemiologic literature for adverse effects, assuming that reported associations can be attributed to acute particle mass exposures. Combined effects were estimated as percent increase in comparable measures of mortality and morbidity, associated with each 10 micrograms/m3 increase in daily mean PM10 exposure (Table 7). While total mortality increased by 1% for each 10 micrograms/m3 increase in PM10, respiratory mortality increased by 3.4% and cardiovascular mortality increased by 1.4%. Hospital admissions and emergency department visits increased approximately 1% for all respiratory complaints, and 2% to 3% for asthma. Exacerbation of asthma increased by about 3%, as did lower respiratory symptoms. Small decreases in lung function, approximately 0.1%, have also been observed. This review suggests that the epidemiologic studies of adverse morbidity measures are coherent with the mortality studies showing quantitatively similar adverse effects of acute exposures to particulate pollution. Despite these epidemiologic findings for acute and chronic adverse health effects from air pollution associated with relatively low levels of inhalable particles, there are no complementary data from toxicologic studies or from acute human exposures to similar levels of respirable particles. Thus, controlled human exposures to various particles, including H2SO4, at relevant levels (< 150 micrograms/m3) have not identified significant alterations in respiratory function in healthy individuals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)

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				S. A. SHORE, I. N. SCHWARTZMAN, B. LE BLANC, G. G. KRISHNA MURTHY, and C. M. DOERSCHUK Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor 2 Contributes to Ozone-induced Airway Hyperresponsiveness in Mice Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., August 15, 2001; 164(4): 602 - 607. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. J. GHIO and R. B. DEVLIN Inflammatory Lung Injury after Bronchial Instillation of Air Pollution Particles Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., August 15, 2001; 164(4): 704 - 708. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A Peters, M Frohlich, A Doring, T Immervoll, H.-E Wichmann, W.L Hutchinson, M.B Pepys, and W Koenig Particulate air pollution is associated with an acute phase response in men. Results from the MONICA-Augsburg Study Eur. Heart J., July 2, 2001; 22(14): 1198 - 1204. [Abstract] [PDF]

				A. Peters, D. W. Dockery, J. E. Muller, and M. A. Mittleman Increased Particulate Air Pollution and the Triggering of Myocardial Infarction Circulation, June 12, 2001; 103(23): 2810 - 2815. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Fusco, F. Forastiere, P. Michelozzi, T. Spadea, B. Ostro, M. Arca, and C.A. Perucci Air pollution and hospital admissions for respiratory conditions in Rome, Italy Eur. Respir. J., June 1, 2001; 17(6): 1143 - 1150. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. T. Burnett, M. Smith-Doiron, D. Stieb, M. E. Raizenne, J. R. Brook, R. E. Dales, J. A. Leech, S. Cakmak, and D. Krewski Association between Ozone and Hospitalization for Acute Respiratory Diseases in Children Less than 2 Years of Age Am. J. Epidemiol., March 1, 2001; 153(5): 444 - 452. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H.-Y. Cho, L.-Y. Zhang, and S. R. Kleeberger Ozone-induced lung inflammation and hyperreactivity are mediated via tumor necrosis factor-{alpha} receptors Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, March 1, 2001; 280(3): L537 - L546. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P Aylin, A Bottle, J Wakefield, L Jarup, and P Elliott Proximity to coke works and hospital admissions for respiratory and cardiovascular disease in England and Wales Thorax, March 1, 2001; 56(3): 228 - 233. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				M. S. Friedman, K. E. Powell, L. Hutwagner, L. M. Graham, and W. G. Teague Impact of Changes in Transportation and Commuting Behaviors During the 1996 Summer Olympic Games in Atlanta on Air Quality and Childhood Asthma JAMA, February 21, 2001; 285(7): 897 - 905. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Gong Jr., W. S. Linn, S. L. Terrell, K. R. Anderson, and K. W. Clark Anti-inflammatory and Lung Function Effects of Montelukast in Asthmatic Volunteers Exposed to Sulfur Dioxide Chest, February 1, 2001; 119(2): 402 - 408. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. R. Kleeberger, S. P. M. Reddy, L.-Y. Zhang, H.-Y. Cho, and A. E. Jedlicka Toll-like receptor 4 mediates ozone-induced murine lung hyperpermeability via inducible nitric oxide synthase Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, February 1, 2001; 280(2): L326 - L333. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J Pekkanen, E J Brunner, H R Anderson, P Tiittanen, and R W Atkinson Daily concentrations of air pollution and plasma fibrinogen in London Occup. Environ. Med., December 1, 2000; 57(12): 818 - 822. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				H. Mukae, J. C. Hogg, D. English, R. Vincent, and S. F. van Eeden Phagocytosis of particulate air pollutants by human alveolar macrophages stimulates the bone marrow Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, November 1, 2000; 279(5): L924 - L931. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				W. JAMES GAUDERMAN, R. MCCONNELL, F. GILLILAND, S. LONDON, D. THOMAS, E. AVOL, H. VORA, K. BERHANE, E. B. RAPPAPORT, F. LURMANN, et al. Association between Air Pollution and Lung Function Growth in Southern California Children Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., October 1, 2000; 162(4): 1383 - 1390. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Dworski Oxidant stress in asthma Thorax, October 1, 2000; 55(90002): 51S - 53. [Full Text]

				M. J. Daniels, F. Dominici, J. M. Samet, and S. L. Zeger Estimating Particulate Matter-Mortality Dose-Response Curves and Threshold Levels: An Analysis of Daily Time-Series for the 20 Largest US Cities Am. J. Epidemiol., September 1, 2000; 152(5): 397 - 406. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Shukla, C. Timblin, K. BeruBe, T. Gordon, W. McKinney, K. Driscoll, P. Vacek, and B. T. Mossman Inhaled Particulate Matter Causes Expression of Nuclear Factor (NF)-kappa B-Related Genes and Oxidant-Dependent NF-kappa B Activation In Vitro Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., August 1, 2000; 23(2): 182 - 187. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				U. Neuhaus-Steinmetz, F. Uffhausen, U. Herz, and H. Renz Priming of Allergic Immune Responses by Repeated Ozone Exposure in Mice Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., August 1, 2000; 23(2): 228 - 233. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				R. Smyth Inhaled nitric oxide treatment for preterm infants with hypoxic respiratory failure Thorax, August 1, 2000; 55(90001): S51 - 55. [PDF]

				G Hetland, E Namork, P E Schwarze, and A Aase Mechanism for uptake of silica particles by monocytic U937 cells Human and Experimental Toxicology, July 1, 2000; 19(7): 412 - 419. [Abstract] [PDF]