TL Bonfield, JR Panuska, MW Konstan, KA Hilliard, JB Hilliard, H Ghnaim and M Berger
Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.

Chronic pulmonary infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa continues to be the major cause of morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF). Several characteristics of CF, including the excessive influx of neutrophils into the airways, cachexia, and hyperglobulinemia, could reflect the effects of cytokines, such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha). We hypothesized that these pro-inflammatory cytokines, produced by alveolar macrophages in response to pseudomonas and/or other microorganisms, promote the destructive inflammatory process in the lung. We evaluated bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and BAL macrophages from 22 CF patients and 13 healthy control (HC) subjects, measuring soluble TNF- alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, and IL-8 and the regulatory molecules TNF soluble receptor (TNF-sR), IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), and IL-10 (cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor). Levels of the proinflammatory cytokines were higher in CF versus HC BAL (p < or = 0.05 for IL-1, TNF, and IL-8; p = 0.06 for IL-6). In contrast, HC BAL contained significantly more IL-10 than CF BAL (p < 0.05), but TNF-sR and IL-1Ra were similar. Immunocytochemistry demonstrated a higher percentage of CF than control BAL macrophages expressing intracellular cytokines (p < 0.05). Thus, enhanced macrophage production of proinflammatory cytokines and decreased production of the regulatory molecule IL-10 may have important roles in the pathogenesis of CF lung disease.

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				D. S. Hardin, A. Leblanc, G. Marshall, and D. K. Seilheimer Mechanisms of insulin resistance in cystic fibrosis Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, November 1, 2001; 281(5): E1022 - E1028. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. D. SAGEL, R. KAPSNER, I. OSBERG, M. K. SONTAG, and F. J. ACCURSO Airway Inflammation in Children with Cystic Fibrosis and Healthy Children Assessed by Sputum Induction Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., October 15, 2001; 164(8): 1425 - 1431. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. S. Hardin, K. J. Ellis, M. Dyson, J. Rice, R. McConnell, and D. K. Seilheimer Growth Hormone Decreases Protein Catabolism in Children with Cystic Fibrosis J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2001; 86(9): 4424 - 4428. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Chanson, P.-Y. Berclaz, I. Scerri, T. Dudez, K. Wernke-Dollries, L. Pizurki, A. Pavirani, M. A. Fiedler, and S. Suter Regulation of Gap Junctional Communication by a Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine in Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator-Expressing but Not Cystic Fibrosis Airway Cells Am. J. Pathol., May 1, 2001; 158(5): 1775 - 1784. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. K Lark, G. E Lester, D. A Ontjes, A. D Blackwood, B. W Hollis, M. M Hensler, and R. M Aris Diminished and erratic absorption of ergocalciferol in adult cystic fibrosis patients Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, March 1, 2001; 73(3): 602 - 606. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Marchand, C. Verellen-Dumoulin, M. Mairesse, L. Delaunois, P. Brancaleone, J.-F. Rahier, and O. Vandenplas Frequency of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Gene Mutations and 5T Allele in Patients With Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis Chest, March 1, 2001; 119(3): 762 - 767. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Ledson, M. Gallagher, C.A. Hart, and M. Walshaw Nebulized heparin in Burkholderia cepacia colonized adult cystic fibrosis patients Eur. Respir. J., January 1, 2001; 17(1): 36 - 38. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. M. ARIS, A. R. STEPHENS, D. A. ONTJES, A. DENENE BLACKWOOD, R. K. LARK, M. B. HENSLER, I. P. NEURINGER, and G. E. LESTER Adverse Alterations in Bone Metabolism Are Associated with Lung Infection in Adults with Cystic Fibrosis Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., November 1, 2000; 162(5): 1674 - 1678. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				A. Van der Vliet, M. N. Nguyen, M. K. Shigenaga, J. P. Eiserich, G. P. Marelich, and C. E. Cross Myeloperoxidase and protein oxidation in cystic fibrosis Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, September 1, 2000; 279(3): L537 - L546. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. L. Clemans, R. J. Bauer, J. A. Hanson, M. V. Hobbs, J. W. St. Geme III, C. F. Marrs, and J. R. Gilsdorf Induction of Proinflammatory Cytokines from Human Respiratory Epithelial Cells after Stimulation by Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae Infect. Immun., August 1, 2000; 68(8): 4430 - 4440. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Epelman, T. F. Bruno, G. G. Neely, D. E. Woods, and C. H. Mody Pseudomonas aeruginosa Exoenzyme S Induces Transcriptional Expression of Proinflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines Infect. Immun., August 1, 2000; 68(8): 4811 - 4814. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. J. V. Galietta, C. Folli, C. Marchetti, L. Romano, D. Carpani, M. Conese, and O. Zegarra-Moran Modification of transepithelial ion transport in human cultured bronchial epithelial cells by interferon-gamma Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, June 1, 2000; 278(6): L1186 - L1194. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. A. Cowley, K. Govindaraju, C. Guilbault, D. Radzioch, and D. H. Eidelman Airway surface liquid composition in mice Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, June 1, 2000; 278(6): L1213 - L1220. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. L Smyth, N. M Croft, U. O'Hea, T. G Marshall, and A. Ferguson Intestinal inflammation in cystic fibrosis Arch. Dis. Child., May 1, 2000; 82(5): 394 - 399. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				H. Yu, S. Z. Nasr, and V. Deretic Innate Lung Defenses and Compromised Pseudomonas aeruginosa Clearance in the Malnourished Mouse Model of Respiratory Infections in Cystic Fibrosis Infect. Immun., April 1, 2000; 68(4): 2142 - 2147. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. R. Thomas, S. A. Kharitonov, S. F. Scott, M. E. Hodson, and P. J. Barnes Nasal and Exhaled Nitric Oxide Is Reduced in Adult Patients With Cystic Fibrosis and Does Not Correlate With Cystic Fibrosis Genotype Chest, April 1, 2000; 117(4): 1085 - 1089. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. R. Thomas, E. A. Costelloe, D. P. Lunn, K. J. Stacey, S. J. Delaney, R. Passey, E. C. McGlinn, B. J. McMorran, A. Ahadizadeh, C. L. Geczy, et al. G551D Cystic Fibrosis Mice Exhibit Abnormal Regulation of Inflammation in Lungs and Macrophages J. Immunol., April 1, 2000; 164(7): 3870 - 3877. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Taggart, R. J. Coakley, P. Greally, G. Canny, S. J. O'Neill, and N. G. McElvaney Increased elastase release by CF neutrophils is mediated by tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-8 Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, January 1, 2000; 278(1): L33 - L41. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]