CA Pope 3rd, MJ Thun, MM Namboodiri, DW Dockery, JS Evans, FE Speizer and CW Heath Jr
Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.

Time-series, cross-sectional, and prospective cohort studies have observed associations between mortality and particulate air pollution but have been limited by ecologic design or small number of subjects or study areas. The present study evaluates effects of particulate air pollution on mortality using data from a large cohort drawn from many study areas. We linked ambient air pollution data from 151 U.S. metropolitan areas in 1980 with individual risk factor on 552,138 adults who resided in these areas when enrolled in a prospective study in 1982. Deaths were ascertained through December, 1989. Exposure to sulfate and fine particulate air pollution, which is primarily from fossil fuel combustion, was estimated from national data bases. The relationships of air pollution to all-cause, lung cancer, and cardiopulmonary mortality was examined using multivariate analysis which controlled for smoking, education, and other risk factors. Although small compared with cigarette smoking, an association between mortality and particulate air pollution was observed. Adjusted relative risk ratios (and 95% confidence intervals) of all-cause mortality for the most polluted areas compared with the least polluted equaled 1.15 (1.09 to 1.22) and 1.17 (1.09 to 1.26) when using sulfate and fine particulate measures respectively. Particulate air pollution was associated with cardiopulmonary and lung cancer mortality but not with mortality due to other causes. Increased mortality is associated with sulfate and fine particulate air pollution at levels commonly found in U.S. cities. The increase in risk is not attributable to tobacco smoking, although other unmeasured correlates of pollution cannot be excluded with certainty.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				N. D. Woods, D. M. Konisky, and A. OM. Bowman You Get What You Pay For: Environmental Policy and Public Health Publius, December 1, 2009; 39(1): 95 - 116. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. J. Cherry UNESCO, "Universal Bioethics," and State Regulation of Health Risks: A Philosophical Critique J Med Philos, June 1, 2009; 34(3): 274 - 295. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Kawanishi, T. Watanabe, S. Hagio, S. Ogo, C. Shimohara, R. Jouchi, S. Takayama, T. Hasei, T. Hirayama, Y. Oda, et al. Genotoxicity of 3,6-dinitrobenzo[e]pyrene, a novel mutagen in ambient air and surface soil, in mammalian cells in vitro and in vivo Mutagenesis, May 1, 2009; 24(3): 279 - 284. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Neidell Information, Avoidance Behavior, and Health: The Effect of Ozone on Asthma Hospitalizations J. Human Resources, April 1, 2009; 44(2): 450 - 478. [Abstract] [PDF]

				R Beelen, G Hoek, D Houthuijs, P A van den Brandt, R A Goldbohm, P Fischer, L J Schouten, B Armstrong, and B Brunekreef The joint association of air pollution and noise from road traffic with cardiovascular mortality in a cohort study Occup. Environ. Med., April 1, 2009; 66(4): 243 - 250. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. A. Pope III, M. Ezzati, and D. W. Dockery Fine-Particulate Air Pollution and Life Expectancy in the United States N. Engl. J. Med., January 22, 2009; 360(4): 376 - 386. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. C. Puett, J. Schwartz, J. E. Hart, J. D. Yanosky, F. E. Speizer, H. Suh, C. J. Paciorek, L. M. Neas, and F. Laden Chronic Particulate Exposure, Mortality, and Coronary Heart Disease in the Nurses' Health Study Am. J. Epidemiol., November 15, 2008; 168(10): 1161 - 1168. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. Z. Simkhovich, M. T. Kleinman, and R. A. Kloner Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Injury: Epidemiology, Toxicology, and Mechanisms J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 26, 2008; 52(9): 719 - 726. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. M. Arantes-Costa, F. D.T.Q.S. Lopes, A. C. Toledo, P. A. Magliarelli-Filho, H. T. Moriya, R. Carvalho-Oliveira, T. Mauad, P. H. N. Saldiva, and M. A. Martins Effects of Residual Oil Fly Ash (ROFA) in Mice with Chronic Allergic Pulmonary Inflammation Toxicol Pathol, July 1, 2008; 36(5): 680 - 686. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Castano-Vinyals, K. P Cantor, N. Malats, A. Tardon, R. Garcia-Closas, C. Serra, A. Carrato, N. Rothman, R. Vermeulen, D. Silverman, et al. Air pollution and risk of urinary bladder cancer in a case-control study in Spain Occup. Environ. Med., January 1, 2008; 65(1): 56 - 60. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. G Ayres Long-term exposures to air pollution Thorax, December 1, 2007; 62(12): 1037 - 1038. [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Elliott, G. Shaddick, J. C Wakefield, C. d. Hoogh, and D. J Briggs Long-term associations of outdoor air pollution with mortality in Great Britain Thorax, December 1, 2007; 62(12): 1088 - 1094. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Maddison Modelling sulphur emissions in Europe: a spatial econometric approach Oxf. Econ. Pap., October 1, 2007; 59(4): 726 - 743. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. J. Alberg, J. G. Ford, and J. M. Samet Epidemiology of Lung Cancer: ACCP Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (2nd Edition) Chest, September 1, 2007; 132(3_suppl): 29S - 55S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				O. Laurent, D. Bard, L. Filleul, and C. Segala Effect of socioeconomic status on the relationship between atmospheric pollution and mortality J Epidemiol Community Health, August 1, 2007; 61(8): 665 - 675. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Toren, I. A Bergdahl, T. Nilsson, and B. Jarvholm Occupational exposure to particulate air pollution and mortality due to ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease Occup. Environ. Med., August 1, 2007; 64(8): 515 - 519. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. Annesi-Maesano, F. Forastiere, N. Kunzli, B. Brunekref, and on behalf of the Environment and Health Committee Particulate matter, science and EU policy Eur. Respir. J., March 1, 2007; 29(3): 428 - 431. [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Gioda, G. Hanke, A. Elias-Boneta, and B. Jimenez-Velez A pilot study to determine mercury exposure through vapor and bound to PM10 in a dental school environment Toxicology and Industrial Health, March 1, 2007; 23(2): 103 - 113. [Abstract] [PDF]

				O. Naess, P. Nafstad, G. Aamodt, B. Claussen, and P. Rosland Relation between Concentration of Air Pollution and Cause-Specific Mortality: Four-Year Exposures to Nitrogen Dioxide and Particulate Matter Pollutants in 470 Neighborhoods in Oslo, Norway Am. J. Epidemiol., February 15, 2007; 165(4): 435 - 443. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. A. Miller, D. S. Siscovick, L. Sheppard, K. Shepherd, J. H. Sullivan, G. L. Anderson, and J. D. Kaufman Long-Term Exposure to Air Pollution and Incidence of Cardiovascular Events in Women N. Engl. J. Med., February 1, 2007; 356(5): 447 - 458. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. W. Dockery and P. H. Stone Cardiovascular Risks from Fine Particulate Air Pollution N. Engl. J. Med., February 1, 2007; 356(5): 511 - 513. [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. A. Ritz, J. Wan, and D. Diaz-Sanchez Sulforaphane-stimulated phase II enzyme induction inhibits cytokine production by airway epithelial cells stimulated with diesel extract Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, January 1, 2007; 292(1): L33 - L39. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. V. Diez Roux, A. H. Auchincloss, B. Astor, R. G. Barr, M. Cushman, T. Dvonch, D. R. Jacobs Jr., J. Kaufman, X. Lin, and P. Samson Recent Exposure to Particulate Matter and C-reactive Protein Concentration in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis Am. J. Epidemiol., September 1, 2006; 164(5): 437 - 448. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. M. Mutlu, C. Snyder, A. Bellmeyer, H. Wang, K. Hawkins, S. Soberanes, L. C. Welch, A. J. Ghio, N. S. Chandel, D. Kamp, et al. Airborne Particulate Matter Inhibits Alveolar Fluid Reabsorption in Mice via Oxidant Generation Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., June 1, 2006; 34(6): 670 - 676. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Rabinovitch, M. Strand, and E. W. Gelfand Particulate Levels Are Associated with Early Asthma Worsening in Children with Persistent Disease Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., May 15, 2006; 173(10): 1098 - 1105. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. D. Peng, F. Dominici, and S. L. Zeger Reproducible Epidemiologic Research Am. J. Epidemiol., May 1, 2006; 163(9): 783 - 789. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Bayram, K. Ito, R. Issa, M. Ito, M. Sukkar, and K. F. Chung Regulation of human lung epithelial cell numbers by diesel exhaust particles Eur. Respir. J., April 1, 2006; 27(4): 705 - 713. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. Brunekreef A tale of six cities. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., March 15, 2006; 173(6): 581 - 582. [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. Laden, J. Schwartz, F. E. Speizer, and D. W. Dockery Reduction in Fine Particulate Air Pollution and Mortality: Extended Follow-up of the Harvard Six Cities Study Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., March 15, 2006; 173(6): 667 - 672. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Reed, L. Blair, K Burling, I Daly, A. Gigliotti, R Gudi, M. Mercieca, J. McDonald, J. O'Callaghan, S. Seilkop, et al. Health effects of subchronic exposure to diesel-water-methanol emulsion emission Toxicology and Industrial Health, March 1, 2006; 22(2): 65 - 85. [Abstract] [PDF]

				W. N. Rom and J. M. Samet Small Particles with Big Effects Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., February 15, 2006; 173(4): 365 - 366. [Full Text] [PDF]

				H C Routledge, S Manney, R M Harrison, J G Ayres, and J N Townend Effect of inhaled sulphur dioxide and carbon particles on heart rate variability and markers of inflammation and coagulation in human subjects Heart, February 1, 2006; 92(2): 220 - 227. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Maheswaran, R. P. Haining, P. Brindley, J. Law, T. Pearson, P. R. Fryers, S. Wise, and M. J. Campbell Outdoor air pollution, mortality, and hospital admissions from coronary heart disease in Sheffield, UK: a small-area level ecological study Eur. Heart J., December 1, 2005; 26(23): 2543 - 2549. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L Filleul, V Rondeau, S Vandentorren, N Le Moual, A Cantagrel, I Annesi-Maesano, D Charpin, C Declercq, F Neukirch, C Paris, et al. Twenty five year mortality and air pollution: results from the French PAARC survey Occup. Environ. Med., July 1, 2005; 62(7): 453 - 460. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. D. Frank and P. Engelke Multiple Impacts of the Built Environment on Public Health: Walkable Places and the Exposure to Air Pollution International Regional Science Review, April 1, 2005; 28(2): 193 - 216. [Abstract] [PDF]

				T. Arimoto, M. B. Kadiiska, K. Sato, J. Corbett, and R. P. Mason Synergistic Production of Lung Free Radicals by Diesel Exhaust Particles and Endotoxin Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., February 15, 2005; 171(4): 379 - 387. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Maheswaran, R. P. Haining, P. Brindley, J. Law, T. Pearson, P. R. Fryers, S. Wise, and M. J. Campbell Outdoor Air Pollution and Stroke in Sheffield, United Kingdom: A Small-Area Level Geographical Study Stroke, February 1, 2005; 36(2): 239 - 243. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Goto, H. Ishii, J. C. Hogg, C.-H. Shih, K. Yatera, R. Vincent, and S. F. van Eeden Particulate Matter Air Pollution Stimulates Monocyte Release from the Bone Marrow Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., October 15, 2004; 170(8): 891 - 897. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S Medina, A Plasencia, F Ballester, H G Mucke, and J Schwartz Apheis: public health impact of PM10 in 19 European cities J Epidemiol Community Health, October 1, 2004; 58(10): 831 - 836. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F Forastiere Fine particles and lung cancer Occup. Environ. Med., October 1, 2004; 61(10): 797 - 798. [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Abrahamowicz, R. du Berger, D. Krewski, R. Burnett, G. Bartlett, R. M. Tamblyn, and K. Leffondre Bias due to Aggregation of Individual Covariates in the Cox Regression Model Am. J. Epidemiol., October 1, 2004; 160(7): 696 - 706. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. K. Bauer, A. M. Malkinson, and S. R. Kleeberger Susceptibility to neoplastic and non-neoplastic pulmonary diseases in mice: genetic similarities Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, October 1, 2004; 287(4): L685 - L703. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. A. Pope III Air Pollution and Health -- Good News and Bad N. Engl. J. Med., September 9, 2004; 351(11): 1132 - 1134. [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. W. Cheng, W. W. Lee, C. H. Li, C. C. Lee, and J. J. Kang Genotoxicity of Motorcycle Exhaust Particles In Vivo and In Vitro Toxicol. Sci., September 1, 2004; 81(1): 103 - 111. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Goto, J. C. Hogg, C.-H. Shih, H. Ishii, R. Vincent, and S. F. van Eeden Exposure to ambient particles accelerates monocyte release from bone marrow in atherosclerotic rabbits Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, July 1, 2004; 287(1): L79 - L85. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. D. Brook, B. Franklin, W. Cascio, Y. Hong, G. Howard, M. Lipsett, R. Luepker, M. Mittleman, J. Samet, S. C. Smith Jr, et al. Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Expert Panel on Population and Prevention Science of the American Heart Association Circulation, June 1, 2004; 109(21): 2655 - 2671. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. P. J. Hofer, E. Bitterle, I. Beck-Speier, K. L. Maier, M. Frankenberger, J. Heyder, and L. Ziegler-Heitbrock Diesel exhaust particles increase LPS-stimulated COX-2 expression and PGE2 production in human monocytes J. Leukoc. Biol., May 1, 2004; 75(5): 856 - 864. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Agopyan, J. Head, S. Yu, and S. A. Simon TRPV1 receptors mediate particulate matter-induced apoptosis Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, March 1, 2004; 286(3): L563 - L572. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Boffetta and F. Nyberg Contribution of environmental factors to cancer risk Br. Med. Bull., December 1, 2003; 68(1): 71 - 94. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Katsouyanni Ambient air pollution and health Br. Med. Bull., December 1, 2003; 68(1): 143 - 156. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H C Routledge, J G Ayres, and J N Townend Why cardiologists should be interested in air pollution Heart, December 1, 2003; 89(12): 1383 - 1388. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P Nafstad, L L Haheim, B Oftedal, F Gram, I Holme, I Hjermann, and P Leren Lung cancer and air pollution: a 27 year follow up of 16 209 Norwegian men Thorax, December 1, 2003; 58(12): 1071 - 1076. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Maheswaran and P. Elliott Stroke Mortality Associated With Living Near Main Roads in England and Wales: A Geographical Study Stroke, December 1, 2003; 34(12): 2776 - 2780. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L Filleul, I Baldi, J-F Dartigues, and J-F Tessier Risk factors among elderly for short term deaths related to high levels of air pollution Occup. Environ. Med., September 1, 2003; 60(9): 684 - 688. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. Dominici, A. McDermott, S. L. Zeger, and J. M. Samet Airborne Particulate Matter and Mortality: Timescale Effects in Four US Cities Am. J. Epidemiol., June 15, 2003; 157(12): 1055 - 1065. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Takizawa, S. Abe, H. Okazaki, T. Kohyama, I. Sugawara, Y. Saito, T. Ohtoshi, S. Kawasaki, M. Desaki, K. Nakahara, et al. Diesel exhaust particles upregulate eotaxin gene expression in human bronchial epithelial cells via nuclear factor-kappa B-dependent pathway Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, June 1, 2003; 284(6): L1055 - L1062. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S.R. Kleeberger Genetic aspects of susceptibility to air pollution Eur. Respir. J., May 1, 2003; 21(40_suppl): 52S - 56s. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. Annesi-Maesano, N. Agabiti, R. Pistelli, M-F. Couilliot, and F. Forastiere Subpopulations at increased risk of adverse health outcomes from air pollution Eur. Respir. J., May 1, 2003; 21(40_suppl): 57S - 63s. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Martuzzi, M. Krzyzanowski, and R. Bertollini Health impact assessment of air pollution: providing further evidence for public health action Eur. Respir. J., May 1, 2003; 21(40_suppl): 86S - 91s. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B G Miller and J F Hurley Life table methods for quantitative impact assessments in chronic mortality J Epidemiol Community Health, March 1, 2003; 57(3): 200 - 206. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. G. Tankersley, R. Irizarry, S. E. Flanders, R. Rabold, and R. Frank Unstable heart rate and temperature regulation predict mortality in AKR/J mice Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, March 1, 2003; 284(3): R742 - R750. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H.-M. Yang, L. Butterworth, A. E. Munson, and B. J. Meade Respiratory Exposure to Diesel Exhaust Particles Decreases the Spleen IgM Response to a T Cell-Dependent Antigen in Female B6C3F1 Mice Toxicol. Sci., February 1, 2003; 71(2): 207 - 216. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E.-H. Ha, J.-T. Lee, H. Kim, Y.-C. Hong, B.-E. Lee, H.-S. Park, and D. C. Christiani Infant Susceptibility of Mortality to Air Pollution in Seoul, South Korea Pediatrics, February 1, 2003; 111(2): 284 - 290. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Fujii, J. C. Hogg, N. Keicho, R. Vincent, S. F. Van Eeden, and S. Hayashi Adenoviral E1A modulates inflammatory mediator expression by lung epithelial cells exposed to PM10 Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, February 1, 2003; 284(2): L290 - L297. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Kim, X. Liu, T. Kobayashi, T. Kohyama, F.-Q. Wen, D. J. Romberger, H. Conner, P. S. Gilmour, K. Donaldson, W. MacNee, et al. Ultrafine Carbon Black Particles Inhibit Human Lung Fibroblast-Mediated Collagen Gel Contraction Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., January 1, 2003; 28(1): 111 - 121. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. Asgharian, J. T. Kelly, and E. W. Tewksbury Respiratory Deposition and Inhalability of Monodisperse Aerosols in Long-Evans Rats Toxicol. Sci., January 1, 2003; 71(1): 104 - 111. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M Krzyzanowski, A Cohen, and R Anderson Quantification of health effects of exposure to air pollution Occup. Environ. Med., December 1, 2002; 59(12): 791 - 793. [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Li, M. Wang, T. D. Oberley, J. M. Sempf, and A. E. Nel Comparison of the Pro-Oxidative and Proinflammatory Effects of Organic Diesel Exhaust Particle Chemicals in Bronchial Epithelial Cells and Macrophages J. Immunol., October 15, 2002; 169(8): 4531 - 4541. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Just, C. Segala, F. Sahraoui, G. Priol, A. Grimfeld, and F. Neukirch Short-term health effects of particulate and photochemical air pollution in asthmatic children Eur. Respir. J., October 1, 2002; 20(4): 899 - 906. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Nemmar, M. F. Hoylaerts, P. H. M. Hoet, D. Dinsdale, T. Smith, H. Xu, J. Vermylen, and B. Nemery Ultrafine Particles Affect Experimental Thrombosis in an In Vivo Hamster Model Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., October 1, 2002; 166(7): 998 - 1004. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				G. D'Amato, G. Liccardi, M. D'Amato, and M. Cazzola Outdoor air pollution, climatic changes and allergic bronchial asthma Eur. Respir. J., September 1, 2002; 20(3): 763 - 776. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. Shilton, P. Giess, D. Mitchell, and C. Williams The Relationships between Indoor and Outdoor Respirable Particulate Matter: Meteorology, Chemistry and Personal Exposure Indoor and Built Environment, September 1, 2002; 11(5): 266 - 274. [Abstract] [PDF]

				F. Dominici, A. McDermott, S. L. Zeger, and J. M. Samet On the Use of Generalized Additive Models in Time-Series Studies of Air Pollution and Health Am. J. Epidemiol., August 1, 2002; 156(3): 193 - 203. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Kunzli The public health relevance of air pollution abatement Eur. Respir. J., July 1, 2002; 20(1): 198 - 209. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. H. N. Saldiva, R. W. Clarke, B. A. Coull, R. C. Stearns, J. Lawrence, G. G. K. Murthy, E. Diaz, P. Koutrakis, H. Suh, A. Tsuda, et al. Lung Inflammation Induced by Concentrated Ambient Air Particles Is Related to Particle Composition Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., June 15, 2002; 165(12): 1610 - 1617. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. Horak Jr, M. Studnicka, C. Gartner, J.D. Spengler, E. Tauber, R. Urbanek, A. Veiter, and T. Frischer Particulate matter and lung function growth in children: a 3-yr follow-up study in Austrian schoolchildren Eur. Respir. J., May 1, 2002; 19(5): 838 - 845. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Abelsohn, D. Stieb, M. D. Sanborn, and E. Weir Identifying and managing adverse environmental health effects: 2. Outdoor air pollution Can. Med. Assoc. J., April 1, 2002; 166(9): 1161 - 1167. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. A. Glantz Air pollution as a cause of heart disease: Time for action J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 20, 2002; 39(6): 943 - 945. [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. A. Pope III, R. T. Burnett, M. J. Thun, E. E. Calle, D. Krewski, K. Ito, and G. D. Thurston Lung Cancer, Cardiopulmonary Mortality, and Long-term Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution JAMA, March 6, 2002; 287(9): 1132 - 1141. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J G Ayres Chronic effects of air pollution Occup. Environ. Med., March 1, 2002; 59(3): 147 - 148. [Full Text] [PDF]

				F W Lipfert and S C Morris Temporal and spatial relations between age specific mortality and ambient air quality in the United States: regression results for counties, 1960-97 Occup. Environ. Med., March 1, 2002; 59(3): 156 - 174. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. J. Whitekus, N. Li, M. Zhang, M. Wang, M. A. Horwitz, S. K. Nelson, L. D. Horwitz, N. Brechun, D. Diaz-Sanchez, and A. E. Nel Thiol Antioxidants Inhibit the Adjuvant Effects of Aerosolized Diesel Exhaust Particles in a Murine Model for Ovalbumin Sensitization J. Immunol., March 1, 2002; 168(5): 2560 - 2567. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Andel and P. S. Liebig The City of Laguna Woods: A Case of Senior Power in Local Politics Research on Aging, January 1, 2002; 24(1): 87 - 105. [Abstract] [PDF]

				A. NEMMAR, H. VANBILLOEN, M. F. HOYLAERTS, P. H. M. HOET, A. VERBRUGGEN, and B. NEMERY Passage of Intratracheally Instilled Ultrafine Particles from the Lung into the Systemic Circulation in Hamster Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., November 1, 2001; 164(9): 1665 - 1668. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Fujii, S. Hayashi, J. C. Hogg, R. Vincent, and S. F. Van Eeden Particulate Matter Induces Cytokine Expression in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., September 1, 2001; 25(3): 265 - 271. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Kumagai, T. Hayashi, T. Miyauchi, A. Endo, A. Iguchi, M. Kiriya-Sakai, S. Sakai, K. Yuki, M. Kikushima, and N. Shimojo Phenanthraquinone inhibits eNOS activity and suppresses vasorelaxation Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, July 1, 2001; 281(1): R25 - R30. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Timchalk, H. E Trease, L. L Trease, K. R Minard, and R. A Corley Potential technology for studying dosimetry and response to airborne chemical and biological pollutants Toxicology and Industrial Health, June 1, 2001; 17(5-10): 270 - 276. [Abstract] [PDF]

				N. Kunzli, S. Medina, R. Kaiser, P. Quenel, F. Horak Jr., and M. Studnicka Assessment of Deaths Attributable to Air Pollution: Should We Use Risk Estimates based on Time Series or on Cohort Studies? Am. J. Epidemiol., June 1, 2001; 153(11): 1050 - 1055. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J.M. Anto, P. Vermeire, J. Vestbo, and J. Sunyer Epidemiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Eur. Respir. J., May 1, 2001; 17(5): 982 - 994. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Sunyer Urban air pollution and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a review Eur. Respir. J., May 1, 2001; 17(5): 1024 - 1033. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Sera, K. Fukuhara, N. Miyata, and H. Tokiwa Micronucleus induction and chromosomal aberration of 1- and 3-nitroazabenzo[a]pyrene and their N-oxides Mutagenesis, May 1, 2001; 16(3): 183 - 187. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Kawasaki, H. Takizawa, K. Takami, M. Desaki, H. Okazaki, T. Kasama, K. Kobayashi, K. Yamamoto, K. Nakahara, M. Tanaka, et al. Benzene-Extracted Components Are Important for the Major Activity of Diesel Exhaust Particles . Effect on Interleukin-8 Gene Expression in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., April 1, 2001; 24(4): 419 - 426. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				P Aylin, A Bottle, J Wakefield, L Jarup, and P Elliott Proximity to coke works and hospital admissions for respiratory and cardiovascular disease in England and Wales Thorax, March 1, 2001; 56(3): 228 - 233. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				R. C. Stearns, J. D. Paulauskis, and J. J. Godleski Endocytosis of Ultrafine Particles by A549 Cells Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., February 1, 2001; 24(2): 108 - 115. [Abstract] [Full Text]